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1660——1789（thereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishtopublishmentofLyricalBallads）

Theromanticperiods

1789——1832（publishmentofLyricalBalladstoSirWalterScott’sdeath）

Thevictorianperiods

1836——1901

Themodernperiods

thesecondhalfofthe19thcentury——theearlyofthe20thcentury

美国文学

theendofthe18thcentury——theoutbreakoftheCivilWar（WashingtonIrving’sTheSketchtoWhitman’sLeavesofGrass）

Therealisticperiods

1865——1914

Thetwentiethcentury

Civilwar:

1861——1865

WorldWarⅠ:

1914——1918

WorldWarⅡ:

1931——1945

英国文学—Theoldandmedievalperiods

1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；

Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf（贝奥武甫（八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;

该史诗中的主角））,atypicalexampleofoldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepic（民族史诗）oftheAnglo-Saxons.Literaryposition:

Thepoemwasoriginallyinanoralform,itiswrittendowninthe10thcentury.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.

Romance（骑士抒情诗），apopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod）usesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,whosemotifs（主题,主旨）ofthequestisfortruth,beautyandkindness.

Chaucer（乔叟）:

whosemasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》.ThefamouscharacterofhisworksistheWifeofBath.Chauceremployedtheheroiccoupletverseform（英雄双韵诗形式）withtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.HeisthefatherofEnglishpoetry.

英国文学—Therenaissanceperiods

1.《仙后》一部寓言（allegory）,人物象征意义与主题.

TheFaerieisanallegory.

TheRed-crosseKnightstandsforSt.George,thepatronsaintofEngland,andhealsorepresentHoliness.

AlovelyLadie,virginUna,symbolizesthethruthorthetruefaithofreligion.

AmilkewhitelambereprentstheGod.

DragonandinfernallfeendrefertheSatan

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic—“fiecewarresandfaithfulloves”.

2.斯宾塞的诗歌特点

Thefivemainquailitesofspenser’spoetryare:

1）aperfectmelody;

2）araresenseofbeauty;

3）asplendidimagination;

4）aloftypurityandseriousness;

5）adedicatedidealism.

3.《浮士德》的主题

Dr.FaustusisaplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevil.Theplay’sdominantmoralishumanthanreligious.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;

italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorder.Andtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.

4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题

Theplayhasadoubleplot:

1）Bassanio——Portia

2）Antonio——Shylock

ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweemAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatebeaulity,witandloyalty,andtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.Tody,manypeopletendtoregardtheplayasasatireofthechristians’hypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffrindshipandlove,theircunningwayofpursuingworldliness（俗心,俗气）andtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews.

5．Milton的三部作品

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes.

英国文学—Theneoclassicalperiods

1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言（allegory），其主题及《名利场》的寓意

ThePilgrim’sProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage.ItspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvationthroughconstantstrugglewiththeirownweaknessandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor—lifeasajourney—issimpleandfamiliar.TheobjectsthatChristianmeetsarehomelyandcommonplace,andthescencepresentedatypicalEnglishones,butthroughouttheallegoryaspiritualsignifianceisaddedtothecommonplacedetails.

TheVanityFairsymbolizeshumanworld,for“Allthatcomethisvanity.”Everythingandanythinginthisworldis“vanity”,havingnovalueandnomeaning.TheVanityFair,a“marcketsellingnothingness”ofallsorts,isadirtyplaceoriginallybuiltupbydevils,but,thistown“lay”inthewaytotheCelestialCity,meaningpilgrimshadtoresistthetempatationstherewaythrough.So,thedepictionofthe“Fair”insellingthingsworldlyandinattractingpeoplebad,representsJohnBunyan’srejectionoftheworldlyseekingsandpiouslongingforthepureandcharming“CelestialCity”hisChristianideal.

2．鲁宾逊的意义

Robinsonisherearealhero:

atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnlishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.

3．Gulliver’sTravel的四个部分

Thebookcontainsfourparts.

Thefirstpart——Lilliput

Thesecondpart——Brobdingnag

Thethirdpart——flyingIsland

Thefourthpart——Houyhnhnmland,Yahoo

Asawhole,thebookisoneofthemosteffcetiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthenEnglishandEuropeanlife—socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,andmorally.

4．Fielding的贡献

Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”.

Hewasfirsttosetout,bothintheoryandpractice,towritespecificallya“comicepicinprose,”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandsyle.Beforehim,therelatingofastoryinanovelwaseithertheEpisolaryformorthepicaresqueform,butfieldingadopted“thethird-personnarration,”inwhichtheauthorbecomethe“all-knowingGod”.

英国文学—Theromanticperiods

1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较

TheSongofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsuffering.

HisSongsofExperiecncepaintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithmelancholytone.

Thetwo“ChimneySweeper”poemsaregoodexamplestorevealtherelationbetweenaneconomiccircumstance,i.e.theexploitationofchildlabor,andanideologicalcircumstance,i.e.theroleplayedbyreligioninmakingcompianttoexploitation.ThepoemfromtheSongsofInnocenceindicatestheconditionswhichmakereligionaconsolation,aprospect（景色,前景）of“illusoryhappiness;

”thepoemfromtheSongsoftheExperiencerevealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytothepoorchild.

2．拜伦式英雄

Buyron’schiefcontributionishiscreationofthe“Byronichero,”aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisByronicherowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdensofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety,andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustilbeenergies.

3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题

OdeonangrecianUrnshowsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetranscienceofhumanpassion.

4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观

StoriesofloveandmarriageprovidethemajorthemeinallJaneAusten’snovels,inwhichfemalechatactersarealwaysplayinganactivepart.Intheirpursuitofamarriage,theyateusuallycategorizeintothreetypesaccordingtotheirdifferentattitudes:

thosewhowouldmarryformaterialwealthandsocialposition,thosewhowouldmarryjustforbeautyandpassion,andthosewhowouldmarryfortruelovewithaconsiderationofthepartner’spersonalmeritaswelladhiseconomicalandsocialstatus.

5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题

PrideandPrejudicemainlytellsofthelovestorybetweenarich,proundyoungmanDarcyandthebeautifulandintelligentElizaethBennet.Noneofthedaughterscaninherittheestateofthefamilyforithasbeenentaileduponthenearestmaleheir,WillianCollins,CollinsintendstomarryandhedecidestoshooseElizabethasawayofmakingamendsforinheritingthefamily’sestate.Collinsisapreposterous（荒谬的）suitor,andElizabethrejectstheproposal.AnotheryoungmancalledDarcyproposesher,butshehasprejudiceagainsthimbecauseshethinksthathehasnothingbutpride.Aftermanytwistsandturns,theyarehappilyunited.ThisbooktellsusagreatdealaboutattitudetowardmarriageinAusten’stime.

Storiesofloveandmarriageprovidethemajorthemesinallhernovels,JaneAustentriestosaythatitiswrongtomarryjustformoneyorforbeauty,butitisalsowrongtomarrywithoutit.

asitissaidinthebookthatitisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasingemaninpossessionofagoodfoutunemustbeinwantofawife.

英国文学—Thevictorianperiods

1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

Thebest-depictedcharacterofthenovelistcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:

1）theinnocent,pesecuted（受迫害的）,helplesschildcharactersuchasOliverTwist,LittleNell,DavidCopperfield,andLittleDorrit;

2）thehorribleandgrotesquecharactersuchadFagin,BillSikesandQulip;

3）thehumourousandcomicfigureslikeMr.Micawber,SamWeller,andMrs.Gamp.

Thebesthecandoseemstotrytoretainanoptimismwithwishfulthinking,asinhisealyworks,ortoexpressahelplessindignant（愤怒的,愤慨的）protest（主张,断言,抗议）,asinhislaternovel.

Oliver人物的背景

Thenovelisfamousforitsvividdescriptionsoftheworkhouseandlifeoftheunderworldinthenineteenth-centuryLondon.Theauthor’sintimateknowledgeofpeopleofthelowestorderandofthecityitselfapparentlycomesfromhisjournalisticyears.HerethenovelalsopresentsOliverTwistasDickens’sfirst