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1、1660 1789（the return of the Stuarts to the English to publishment of Lyrical Ballads）The romantic periods1789 1832（publishment of Lyrical Ballads to Sir Walter Scotts death）The victorian periods1836 1901The modern periodsthe second half of the 19th century the early of the 20thcentury美国文学the end of

2、the 18th century the outbreak of the Civil War（Washington Irvings The Sketch to Whitmans Leaves of Grass）The realistic periods1865 1914The twentieth centuryCivil war: 18611865World War : 19141918World War : 19311945英国文学 The old and medieval periods1Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体

3、。Beowulf（贝奥武甫（八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic （民族史诗） of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how

4、the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. Romance （骑士抒情诗），a popular literary form in the medieval period） uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨） of the ques

5、t is for truth, beauty and kindness. Chaucer（乔叟）: whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form （英雄双韵诗形式） with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is t

6、he father of English poetry.英国文学The renaissance periods1.仙后一部寓言（allegory）, 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory. The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A mi

7、lke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spensers poetry are:1） a perfect melody;2） a rare sense of beauty;3） a splendid imaginati

8、on;4） a lofty purity and seriousness;5） a dedicated idealism.3.浮士德的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The plays dominant moral is human than religious. It celebrates

9、the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of mans condition.4.威尼丝商人的故事及主题 The play has a double plot: 1） BassanioPortia 2） AntonioShylockThe tradit

10、ional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweem Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians hypocrisy and th

11、eir false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness（俗心, 俗气） and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.5Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.英国文学The neoclassical periods1Bunyan的天路历程是一部寓言（allegory），其主题及名利场的寓意The Pilgrims Progress is the most

12、 successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor life as a journey is simple and familiar. The objects tha

13、t Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scence presented a typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual signifiance is added to the commonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizes human world, for “All that cometh is vanity.” Everything and anything in this world is “va

14、nity”, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a “marcket selling nothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town “lay” in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the tempatations there way through. So, the depiction of the “Fa

15、ir” in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyans rejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial City” his Christian ideal.2鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century Enlish middle-class man, with a gre

16、at capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in stuggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.3Gullivers Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part Lilliput

17、The second part BrobdingnagThe third part flying IslandThe fourth part Houyhnhnm land, Yahoo As a whole, the book is one of the most effcetive and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in then English and European life socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically,

18、and morally.4Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel w

19、as either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学The romantic periods1Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not with

20、out its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor,

21、 and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect（景色, 前景） of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the tr

22、ue nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2拜伦式英雄Buyrons chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens o

23、f righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbe energies.3KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows the contrast between the perman

24、ence of art and the transcience of human passion.4奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriage provide the major theme in all Jane Austens novels, in which female chatacters are always playing an active part. In their pursuit of a marriage, they ate usually categorize into three types according to their di

25、fferent attitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partners personal merit as well ad his economical and social status.5.傲慢与偏见的故事及主题Pride and Prejudic

26、e mainly tells of the love story between a rich, pround young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizaeth Bennet. None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, Willian Collins, Collins intends to marry and he decides to shoos

27、e Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the familys estate. Collins is a preposterous（荒谬的） suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes her, but she has prejudice against him because she thinks that he has nothing but pride. After many twists and t

28、urns, they are happily united. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austens time. Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry witho

29、ut it. as it is said in the book that it is a truth universally acknowledged that a singe man in possession of a good foutune must be in want of a wife.英国文学The victorian periods1Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。The best-depicted character of the novelist can be classified into three types:1） the innocent,pesec

30、uted（受迫害的）,helpless child character such as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield, and Little Dorrit;2） the horrible and grotesque character such ad Fagin, Bill Sikes and Qulip;3） the humourous and comic figures like Mr. Micawber, Sam Weller, and Mrs. Gamp.The best he can do seems to try to r

31、etain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his ealy works, or to express a helpless indignant（愤怒的, 愤慨的） protest（主张, 断言, 抗议）, as in his later novel.Oliver人物的背景The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the under world in the nineteenth-century London. The authors intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order and of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickenss first