美国文学简史复习资料DOCWord文档格式.docx

美国文学简史复习资料DOCWord文档格式.docx

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DoctrinesofPuritanism：

predestination（命运神定）,originalsin,totaldepravity（彻底的堕落）,andlimitedatonement（有限的赎罪）fromGod’sgrace

PuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld.

Styleofwriting：

thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;

therhetoricisplainandhonest；

atouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible

Puritans’wayofLife：

hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.

InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life.

Mainwriters

WilliamBradford

OfPlymouthPlantation普利茅斯垦殖记

ThomasPaine

CommonSense常识；

AmericanCrisis美国危机；

TheRightsofMan人权；

TheAgeofReason理性时代

PhilipFreneau

TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；

TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花

BenjaminFranklin

Autobiography富兰克林自传

ThomasJefferson

DrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.

Romanticism

BackgroundofRomanticism：

Economicboomandnationaloptimism；

Favorableliterarymilieu:

increasingnumberofmagazines；

Foreigninfluences:

theRomanticMovementinEurope.

CharacteristicsofRomanticism：

Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.

Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.

Anemphasisonindividualism;

placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.

Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.

Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange

Cherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.

FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism：

NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.

Theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,andthePuritanheritage,etc.,thesewereallmaterialsforanindigenousliterature.

AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.

DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.

The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.

TheAmericansaredifferentfromtheEuropeans.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofedenformanweredistinctlyAmerican.

TheNewEnglandPoets:

HenryW.Longfellow-APsalmofLife人生礼赞

WashingtonIrving

TheSketchBook（1819-1820）见闻札记;

TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说

JamesFenimoreCooper

Leather-stockingTales皮裹腿故事集;

ThePioneers拓荒者;

TheLastoftheMohicans最后一个莫希干人;

ThePrairie大草原;

ThePathfinder探路人;

TheDeerslayer猎鹿人

新英格兰超验主义Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism

asawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism.Someofitsmajorconceptsare:

Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOver-soul（超灵）,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.

Itemphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.

ItofferedafreshviewofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.

Significance

Agroupofnewwritersapplytranscendentalideasintheirworks

Weakness

Transcendentalismtendedtobecomemysticism.

sometimesresultedinrampantindividualism

makemoralindignationanirrelevantemotion.

RalphWaldoEmerson（超验主义领袖）

Nature（标志性之作）;

TheAmericanScholar论美国学者

HenryDavidThoreau

Walden:

informal,spontaneousandsoeasy.Hissentencesareconcentratedandvigorous.

HighRomanticsinfiction

NathanielHawthorne

TheScarletletter红字；

TheHouseofSeverGables有七个尖角阁的房子

HermanMelville

Moby-Dick白鲸；

Pierre皮埃尔

HighRomanticsinpoetry

EdgarAllenPoe-thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestory

TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪诞故事集；

TheRaven乌鸦

Literarytheories（onpoetry）

Poeticalprinciples

Length:

thereisadistinctlimittoallworksofliteraryart—thelimitofasinglesitting.

Province:

Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem.

Tone:

SadnessisthetoneofBeauty’shighestmanifestation.Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones.Deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoeticaltopicintheworld.

Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.

Poedefinestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”,anddeclaresthatmusicisthe

perfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.

WaltWhitman

LeavesofGrass草叶集

EmilyDickinson

FeaturesofDickinson’spoems

Dickinson’sstyleischaracteristicoffrequentuseofdashes,sporadiccapitalizationofnouns,convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing,off-rhymes,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors,andaphoristicwit.Herpoetrypreparesformodernpoetryinthe20thcentury.

lyric.Herpoemsareremarkablefortheirvariety,subtlety,andrichness.

brevityandintensity.

unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation.

innovationinrhyme.Onethewhole,herpoetryisirregularinrhymeandrhythm.

美国现实主义文学Realism

Historicalbackground

ImpactoftheCivilWar

Changesinnationaleconomiclife

Concentrationofwealthandpower

Polarizationoftherichandthepoor

（ThiswasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”—anageofextremes:

ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.）

Closingofthefrontier

Definition

basedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.

Realismasaliterarymovementreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccurredatthelaterpartofthe19thcentury.

Realism,asabroaderterm,isalsoinclusiveofnaturalism,regionalismandlocalcolorwriting.

Majorfeatures

RealismreactsagainstRomanticism’semphasisonintuition,imagination,adreamysenseofwonder,idealism,faithinnature,andgeneraloptimisticbeliefinthegoodnessofthings.

Realistsclaimthattheyseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences;

theydonotseekabstracttruth.

Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.Theyareattentivetosuchdetailsasdialect,customs,andexperiencesthatarecommonplaceand“real”.

Realiststrytodescribeasmallportionoftheknowableworldinordertomaintain“objectivity.”

MainWriters

WilliamDeanHowells

TheRiseofSilasLapham塞拉斯·

拉帕姆发迹记

HenryJames

ThePortraitofaLady贵妇画像

LiteraryTheory

Artandlife:

Artmustberelatedtolife;

itmustbelifetransformedandchangedsothattheart

formwouldgivethetruthfulimpressionofactuality.

Pointofview

Psychologicalrealism（心理现实主义）:

byemphasizingtheinnerawarenessandinward

movementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrences

becamethefirstofthemodernpsychologicalanalystsinthenovel

modernstream-of-consciousnesstechnique

美国乡土文学LocalColorFiction

Features

Localcolorfictionpresentsalocalewhichisdistinguishedfromtheoutsideworld.

describestheexoticandthepicturesque.

glorifiesthepast.

attemptstoshowthingsastheyare.

stressestheinfluenceofsettingoncharacter.

Dialectpeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.

Representatives

MarkTwain

TheGildedAge镀金时代;

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆·

索亚历险记;

ThePrinceandthePauper王子与贫儿;

LifeonMississippi密西西比河上;

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利·

费恩历险记

Style:

Vernacularlanguage;

Localcolor.

Contribution

WilliamDeansHowellscalledMarkTwain“theLincolnofliterature.”.CombiningAmericanfrontierhumorandseriousstorytellingconventionswithhisjournalisticstyle,heproducedabodyofworkofenduringvalue.HiswritinggivesreadersaclearsenseoflifeintheprewarMississippiValley.Moreover,heinitiatedthevernaculartraditioninAmericanfiction.

FrancisBretHarte-thefirstAmericanwriteroflocalcolortoachievewidepopularity

TheLuckofRoaringCamp咆哮营里的幸运儿

HarrietBeecherStowe

UncleTom’sCabin汤姆大叔的小屋

KateChopin

TheAwakening觉醒

StephenCrane

TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章

TheodoreDresier

SisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹;

AnAmericanTragedy美国悲剧

JackLondon

TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤;

MartinEden马丁·

伊登

美国现代诗歌ModernAmericanPoetry

-thesecondflowering（1914-1945）

commontheme:

fragmentation

stream-of-consciousness

Italsofosteredabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Itwascharacterizedbyaconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.TheessenceofmodernismwasabreakwiththepastItstrovetoreflect20thcentury’ssocialandpoliticalchanges

Background

theconsequenceofthetransformationofsocietybroughtaboutbyindustrialismandtechnologyinthecourseofthe19thcentury.

Imagistmovement（1908-1917）

Imagism意象派

EzraPound-LeaderoftheImagistMovement.

Twomodernistpoets

T.S.Eliot

heWasteLand荒原

RobertFrost

“TheRoadNotTaken”“没有走过的路”

美国现代小说ModernAmericanFiction

Socialbackgroundsinthe1920s

ImpactofWorldWarI

The1920s:

theRoaring20s（咆哮二十年）JazzAge（爵士时代）DollarAge

TheRedScare恐共浪潮

TheProhibition（1919-1933）禁酒令

Lostoffaith

TheLostGeneration

namedappliedtothedisillusionedintellectuals