美国文学简史复习资料DOCWord文档格式.docx

1、Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定）, original sin, total depravity （彻底的堕落）, and limited atonement （有限的赎罪）from Gods gracePuritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were Gods chosen people who would enjoy Gods blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles

2、 under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the BiblePuritans way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.In H

3、awthornes The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans life. Main writersWilliam BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花

4、Benjamin FranklinAutobiography富兰克林自传Thomas JeffersonDraft the Declaration of Independence.RomanticismBackground of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Roman

5、ticism：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense. An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.Stress on the close relationship between man and natu

6、re. Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. Features of American Romanticism：New experience in the American Romanticism. The exotic landscape, the frontier life, the westw

7、ard expansion, the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America, and the Puritan heritage, etc., these were all materials for an indigenous literature. A deep influence from the American Puritanism. Different from their European counterparts, American romantics tended to moralize, to edify rather than to

8、 entertain.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation. The Americans are different from the Europeans. Their ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of eden for man were distinctly American.The New England Poets:Henry W. Longfellow-A Psalm

9、of Life 人生礼赞Washington IrvingThe Sketch Book （1819-1820）见闻札记;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说James Fenimore CooperLeather-stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集;The Pioneers 拓荒者;The Last of the Mohicans 最后一个莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder探路人;The Deerslayer猎鹿人新英格兰超验主义TranscendentalismTranscendentalismas a way of k

10、nowing, believes that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing, thus transcending the limits of rationalism. Some of its major concepts are: It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul（超灵）, as the most important thing in the univers

11、e. It emphasized the importance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. It offered a fresh view of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.SignificanceA group of new writers app

12、ly transcendental ideas in their worksWeaknessTranscendentalism tended to become mysticism.sometimes resulted in rampant individualismmake moral indignation an irrelevant emotion. Ralph Waldo Emerson（超验主义领袖）Nature（标志性之作）;The American Scholar论美国学者Henry David ThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneous and so

13、easy. His sentences are concentrated and vigorous.High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet letter红字；The House of Sever Gables有七个尖角阁的房子Herman Melville Moby-Dick白鲸；Pierre皮埃尔High Romantics in poetry Edgar Allen Poe-the father of modern horror story and detective story Tales of the Grote

14、sque and Arabesque怪诞故事集；The Raven乌鸦 Literary theories （on poetry） Poetical principles Length: there is a distinct limit to all works of literary artthe limit of a single sitting. Province: Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem.Tone: Sadness is the tone of Beautys highest manifestation.

15、Melancholy is the most legitimateof all the poetical tones. Death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth. Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, and declares that music is the perfection of the soul,

16、 or idea, of poetry.Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Emily Dickinson Features of Dickinsons poemsDickinsons style is characteristic of frequent use of dashes, sporadic capitalization of nouns,convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing, off-rhymes, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling

17、 metaphors, and aphoristic wit. Her poetry prepares for modern poetry in the 20th century. lyric. Her poems are remarkable for their variety, subtlety, and richness. brevity and intensity. unorthodox syntax and punctuation.innovation in rhyme. One the whole, her poetry is irregular in rhyme and rhyt

18、hm. 美国现实主义文学RealismHistorical backgroundImpact of the Civil War Changes in national economic life Concentration of wealth and power Polarization of the rich and the poor （This was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and daz

19、zling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.） Closing of the frontier Definitionbased on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. Realism as a lit

20、erary movement refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the later part of the 19th century. Realism, as a broader term, is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. Major features Realism reacts against Romanticisms emphasis on intuition, imagination, a dreamy s

21、ense of wonder, idealism, faith in nature, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things. Realists claim that they seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences; they do not seek abstract truth.Realists believe that literature imitates reality. They are attent

22、ive to such details as dialect, customs, and experiences that are commonplace and “real”. Realists try to describe a small portion of the knowable world in order to maintain “objectivity.”Main WritersWilliam Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯拉帕姆发迹记Henry JamesThe Portrait of a Lady贵妇画像Literary T

23、heory Art and life:Art must be related to life; it must be life transformed and changed so that the art form would give the truthful impression of actuality. Point of view Psychological realism（心理现实主义）:by emphasizing the inner awareness and inward movements of his characters in face of outside occur

24、rences became the first of the modern psychological analysts in the novel modern stream-of-consciousness technique美国乡土文学Local Color FictionFeaturesLocal color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world. describes the exotic and the picturesque. glorifies the past. attemp

25、ts to show things as they are. stresses the influence of setting on character.Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings. Representatives Mark TwainThe Gilded Age 镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;Life on Mississippi密西西比河上;The

26、 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记Style:Vernacular language; Local color. ContributionWilliam Deans Howells called Mark Twain “the Lincoln of literature.” . Combining American frontier humor and serious storytelling conventions with his journalistic style, he produced a body of work of enduri

27、ng value. His writing gives readers a clear sense of life in the prewar Mississippi Valley. Moreover, he initiated the vernacular tradition in American fiction.Francis Bret Harte-the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularityThe Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营里的幸运儿Harriet Beecher StoweU

28、ncle Toms Cabin汤姆大叔的小屋Kate ChopinThe Awakening觉醒Stephen CraneThe Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章Theodore DresierSister Carrie嘉莉妹妹;An American Tragedy美国悲剧 Jack LondonThe Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;Martin Eden 马丁 伊登美国现代诗歌Modern American Poetry-the second flowering（1914-1945）common theme:fragmentationstream-of-c

29、onsciousnessIt also fostered a belief in art and literature as an avenue to self-fulfillment.It was characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions. The essence of modernism was a break with the pastIt strove to reflect 20th centurys social and political chang

30、esBackgroundthe consequence of the transformation of society brought about by industrialism and technology in the course of the 19th century. Imagist movement （1908-1917）Imagism意象派Ezra Pound-Leader of the Imagist Movement.Two modernist poetsT.S.Eliothe Waste Land 荒原Robert Frost“The Road Not Taken” “没有走过的路”美国现代小说Modern American FictionSocial backgrounds in the 1920sImpact of World War IThe 1920s: the Roaring 20s（咆哮二十年）Jazz Age（爵士时代）Dollar AgeThe Red Scare 恐共浪潮 The Prohibition （1919-1933） 禁酒令 Lost of faith The Lost Generation named applied to the disillusioned intellectuals