科技英语语法第二部分Word下载.docx
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作一介绍[描述；
说明]
giveanintroduction[adescription;
anexplanation]
（2）Someverbs,adjectives,andnounsmustgowithdefiniteprepositions.
Laserbeamsaresentatthemoon.
send
point
aimrush[冲向]
（vt.）shoot…at～（vi.）fireat～[向…开火]
emitshout[朝…欢呼]
throw
（be）representativeof=represent
（be）descriptiveof=describe
（be）characteristicof=characterize
（be）indicativeof=indicate
（be）symptomaticof=symptomize[symptomatize]
Emphasisshouldbelaidonthecollocationofanounwithapreposition,whichmaypresentmuchdifficultytotheChinesestudents,especiallyinwriting.
①Afixedprepositiongoesbeforeorafteranoun.
ⅰ.Beforeanoun
无线电波向四面八方传播。
Radiowavestravelinalldirections.
为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。
Forthispurpose[Tothisend],collegestudentsmusthaveagoodcommand[mastery]ofatleastoneforeignlanguage.
Atthistemperature,themetalmelts.
onalargescale（大规模地）
toagreat[large]extent[point,degree]（在很大程度上）
in（a）great[large]measure（在很大程度上）
atarate（以某一速率）
atapoint（在某一点上；
在某一时刻）
●ataconference[meeting]（在会上）
ⅱ.Afteranoun
他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。
Theyareattendinganinternationalconferenceonmobilecommunications.
王教授是雷达专家。
ProfessorWangisanexpertin[on]radar.
theanswer[key]to[for]（aproblem）
thesolutionto[of,for]（aproblem）
theprefaceto（abook）
anexceptionto（arule）
theresearchon[into;
with;
for]imageprocessing
thecurrentthrough（acomponent）
thevoltageacross（acomponent）
atangentto…
acorrectionfor[to;
of]
increase[decrease;
rise;
fallreduction;
variation]in[of]…
condition[requirement;
algorithm,technique,method;
language;
skill,equation;
expression]for…
②Animportantformatofwordcollocation★（whichhasfixedpatternsofitstranslationintoChinese）
Format:
nounofAprepositionB
[AandBherearealsonouns.]
whichcanbefurtherclassifiedasthefollowingthreesub-classes:
ⅰ.The“noun”isanordinaryabstractnoun.
Translationpattern:
“A。
。
B的～”
“月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。
”
Thedistanceofthemoonfromthecenteroftheearthis240,000miles.
“温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。
Theeffectoftemperatureon[upon]theresistanceofsemiconductorsmustbetakenintoaccount.
“本节论述AC与DC相比的一些优点（advantage）。
ThissectiondealswiththeadvantagesofACoverDC.
“月亮对地球的吸引力（attraction）引起了潮汐（tide）。
Theattractionofthemoonfortheearthcausesthetides.
theratioofAtoB
theeffectofAon[upon]B
thesuperiorityofAtoB
therelationshipofAtoB
theattraction（引力）ofAforB
thesusceptibilityofAtoB
thesensitivityofAtoB
theapplicabilityofAtoB
perpendicularityofAtoB
theimmunityofAto[from]B
familiarityofAwithB
ⅱ.The“noun”comesfromanintransitiveverb,inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalsubjectofthelogicalactionexpressedbythe“noun.”
Thiscurveshowsthedependenceoftheoutputon[upon]theinput.
Thecontrolengineerisusuallyinterestedintheresponseofacontrolsystemtounitstep（单位阶跃）,ramp（斜波）,andparabolic（抛物）functions.
Theinteractionoftheballwiththegroundiscalledfriction.
●Thissectiondealswiththeactionofanacid（酸）on
metal.
●Considerfirstthecollisionofasinglemoleculewith
thepiston（活塞）.
“图1画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。
Fig.1showsthevariationofcurrentwithimpedance.
asafunctionofimpedance
againstimpedance
versus[vs.]impedance.
thepassageofAthroughB
themotionofAround[around]B
thedepartureofAfromB
thedeviationofAfromB
thereactionofAtoB
theinteractionofAwithB
***Aspecialcase:
rise
fall
theincreasein[of]AwithB“A随B的～”
decrease
reduction
Agradualincreaseinresistancewithspeedischaracteristicoffrictionbetweentheboat’sbottomandthewater.
ⅲ.The“noun”comesfromatransitiveverb,inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalobjectoftheactionexpressedbythe“noun.”
Translationtechnique:
The“noun”isputintoatransitiveverbsothatthe“V-O”patternisused.
Insolvingtheproblem,theresolution（分解）ofthisforceintox-andy-components（分量）isnecessary.
Thedefinition（定义）ofelectriccurrentasaflowofchargeisfamiliartoallofus.
Theseparation（分开）ofaluminum（铝）fromitsore（矿）wasverydifficultatthattime.
Inthiscase,exposure（使暴露）ofthebody（人体）tosunlighthelpstoovercomeanemia（贫血）andstimulate（刺激）metabolism（新陈代谢）.
Themostfamiliarexampleistheattractionofironorsteelobjectstoapermanentmagnet.
TherelationofEq.（7-21）toEq.（7-22）isshowninFig.8.
acomparisonofAwithB
thetransformationofAinto[to]B
theuseofAasB
theexposureofAtoB
theseparationofAfrom[into]B
theprotectionofAfromB
theisolationofAfromB
thetransferofAtoB
theconversionofAto[into]B
OneMorePattern:
noun（fromvt.）ofA[logicalobject]byB[logicalsubject]
WhatisthedateofthediscoveryofAmericabyColumbus?
Theformulation（确立）ofthetheoryofrelativity（相对论）byEinsteinwasoneofthemostsignificanteventsofthe20thcentury.
NielsBohr,in1913,firstappliedtheseideastotheemissionoflightbyatoms.
***************************************************
E/Ctranslationexerciseinclass:
1.Thesecondandsubsequent（随后的）flip-flops（触发器）toggle（翻转）atfrequenciesone-halforlessthatofthefirst.
2.Inthiscaseitisnecessarytomovethebinarypoint（二进位点）nplacestotheleft.
3.IfthebasicrelationIC=IBweretohold（成立）here,weshouldhaveIC=100mA,andVCE=10–100=–90V,animpossiblesituation.
4.Itispossibletoproduceaninterferencepattern（干涉特性图）byusingtwoidentical（相同的）lasers,somethingthatcannotbedonewithordinarylightsources.
5.Faraday（法拉第）wasunabletocalculatethevelocityofpropagation（传播）ofelectromagneticwaves（电磁波）,ataskwhichrequiredthemathematicalprecision（精度）ofMaxwell（麦克斯韦）,whichFaradayentirelylacked（缺乏）.
6.Thispropertyjustifies（使…正当）ourchoiceoftheaboveconstant（常数）aspositive.
7.Theimportanceofthisdeviceinmoderncommunicationssystemsislargelyduetoitsrealization（实现）asanintegratedcircuit（集成电路）.
8.Addressingmodes（寻址方式）aresometimescomputerspecific.
II.SentenceMembers
Thefollowingpointsmaybeimportant.
1.Positionsofanappositive（PayattentiontoitstranslationintoChinese.）
（1）normalpositions
①▲immediatelyfollowedby
②★setoffbyacommafrom
noun③setoffbyacolonfromappositive
④setoffbyadashfrom
⑤setoffbyanintroducingwordorphrasefrom
（namely,thatis,suchas,forexample,...）
Theterm"
sensitivity"
（灵敏度）isoftenusedinradioengineering.
Theword“radar”comesfromRAdioDetectionAndRanging.
Therigidbody（刚体）,abodywithaperfectlydefiniteandunchangingshape,isitselfanidealizedmodel.
Arithmetic（算术）,thescienceofnumbers,isthebaseofmathematics.
Thedecibelisonetenthofabel,aunitnamedafterAlexanderGrahamBell.
[Inthelastthreeexamples,theappositiveisoftentranslatedintoaseparatesentence.]
Saltwater（盐水）,amixture,ismadeupoftwocompounds（化合物）,saltandwater.
（2）specialpositions（asummary）
①appositive,subject～
②～,appositive（anounphrase）
[Theappositiveistranslatedintoaseparatesentence.]
2.Parentheticclause“插入句”（ParenthesiswithanS-Vstructure）—whichmayappearinthemainclauseandinsub-clauses（mainlyinarelativeclause）
***Aruleforitsjudgment:
Itsbeingcrossedoutwon’taffectthemeaningandthestructureofthewholesentence.
（1）inthemainclause
Livingthingstoo,itnowseemscertain,obeythelaws
ofphysicsandchemistry.[≈Itnowseemscertainthat….]
√-1√-1,itwasagreed,shouldbereplaceable（可替换的）atwill（随意地）by–1.[≈Itwasagreedthat～.]
Thedensity（密度）ofasubstance,werecall,isitsmass（质量）perunitvolume（体积）.
●Thisband（能带）,itisimportanttorealize,ishalf-filled（半满的）.
（2）inthesub-clause
LastyearRCAdemonstratedanewtechniqueforawall-hungTVthatitwaspredictedwouldbeontheconsumermarket“closeto1990.”
Themachineseemstodomanytaskswhichonewouldhavethoughtrequiredintelligence.
Thefollowingtablelists（列出了）someofthewaysIfeelthebookmaybeusedtoteacheitherundergraduatesorgraduatestudents（本科生或研究生）.
Oneofthemajorproblemswhichfacedmeinwritingthisbookwas“digesting”（消化）thevastliterature（文献）oncomputer-basedlibrarysystemsandpresentingitinwhatIhopeisaclearandconcisemanner.
[Chaplin（卓别林）wascriticizedfornotbeinganAmericancitizenandforhispoliticalviews,whichsomepeoplethoughtleanedtoward（倾向于）communism（共产主义）.]
●Youarerequiredtomakeanysimplifyingassumptionsyouthinkarejustified（证明是合理的）.
[内含式定语从句]
（3）using“say=letussay”orsometypeof“what-clause”
Aresistorofsay100ohmsmaybeconnectedacrossC2.
Theatomicnumberisequaltothenumberofelectronsperatomor,whatisequivalent,thenumberofprotonspernucleus.
Nowlettheobjectandthereferenceaxesberotated90oclockwiseor,whichamountstothesamething,letusconsiderthegravitatio
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