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Title:
1.________
Numberofcitizens65orolder
2._______
By2020
By2030
39million
51million
65million
3.________
4.________
Babyboomers’old-growing
5.________
6._______
8.________→multigenerationalfamily
7._______
9.________tocitizens65andolder
10.________
3.5:
1
2:
(2006)Qualityafter-schoolprogramsaredesignedtoimproveacademicperformance,decreaseyouthcrimesandotherhigh-riskbehaviors,andhelpyoungpeoplegrowintohealthy,successfuladults.
Theeffectofqualityafter-schoolprogramsonacademicperformanceisclear.Studiesshowthatstudentswhotakepartinsuchprogramsshowbetterworkhabits,higherratesofhomeworkcompletion,improvedgrades,andhigherscoresonachievementtests.Theyalsohavefewerabsencesandarelesslikelytoblame.After-schoolprogramsalsoinfluencehigh-riskteenbehavior.Variousstudiesshowdecreasedratesofcrime,druguse,andteensexamongyouthwhojoininwell-runafter-schoolprogramswhencomparedtosimilaryouthwhodonot.Finally,after-schoolprogramsplayanimportantroleinsupportingthefollowingfieldsofdevelopment,mentaldevelopmentandsocialdevelopment.Thus,onecansafelysaythatafter-schoolprogrammingisaneffectivemethodtohelpyoungpeoplebecomecontributingmembersofsociety.
Althoughthereisenoughprooffrombothsmallandlargeassessmentsthatafter-schoolprogramscanmakeapositivedifference,itisimportanttonotethatnotallprogramsareequal.First,dosage(时量)matters—youngpeoplewhoattendthemosthoursoverthemostyearsbenefitmorethanmemberswhoattendlessoftenoroverashorterperiodoftime.Next,after-schoolprogramsmakeabiggerdifferenceforthosestudentswhoneedhelpmostandhavethefewestchoices.Finally,programqualitiesmatter.After-schoolprogramsworkbestwhentheycreateuniqueopportunitiesforyouth.Theyshouldprovideopportunities,skillbuildingmeaningfulinvolvement(参与),expressionsuggestion,service,andwork.Staffcharacteristicsmakeanimportantdifferenceinthequalityofaprogram.Theadultsshouldtreatyouthaspartners,createsafeandfairenvironment,encouragepersonalized(个性化的)involvement,andactivelycreatelearningopportunities.Inshort,althoughafter-schoolprogramshavepromisingfuture,howtheyaredesignedandrunmatters.
_76______________________
___
______
_______
(2007)
Hostfamilyaccommodation,orlivingwithhostfamilies,remainspopularamonglanguagetravelstudentsforitsadvantages.Thesedays,hostfamiliesaretryingtooffermoreintermsofquality,fortheystillhavesomethingtoworryabout.
Hostfamilyaccommodationisoftenseenasthenumber-onechoiceforitsadvantagesinlanguagestudy,culturalcommunicationandcostofliving.Stayingalongsidehostfamiliesenablesstudentstogetenoughpracticefortheshorttimeoftheirstudyingsothattheirlanguageacquisitionislikelytobecomefaster.Livinginhostfamiliesalsohastheadvantageforstudentsofbeingabletospendalotoftimecommunicatingwiththeir“hostparents”,andgettoknowthelocalwayoflife,peopleandculture.Anotheradvantageisthathostfamilyaccommodationcansometimesbetheleastexpensive.Itattractsstudentsforitensuresthemafamilytypeoflivingatalowcost.
Theadvantages,however,havenotpreventedhostfamiliesformworrying.Ononehand,somehostfamiliesarelosingtheiruniquesellingpoint.Theproblemisthatthemajorityofhostsinbigcites,nowgenerallysingleandyoung,havelesstimeavailableforstudentsbutthesellingpointforhostfamilyaccommodationiscommunicationpractice.Ontheotherhand,students’expectationshaverisen.Theyarebecomingmoredemandingandaskingformorethaneverfromtheiraccommodation,astheycomemainlyfromhighsocio-economicgroupsintheirowncountries.
Togetoutofthedifficultsituation,hostfamiliesarenowmakingeffortstoimprovethequalityofservice.Theyaretryingtomakinglivingconditionsbetter,includingbroadbandInternetservice,privatebathroom,andaccesstoplentyofhotwaterforlongshowers.Theyarealsoprovidingstudentswithstructuredfamilyactivities.
Itisbelievedthathostfamilyaccommodationwillkeepthepopularityvotewithlanguagetravelstudents.
Title:
76.___________
Theme
Hostfamiliesareimprovingtheaccommodationquality
77._______
1)Languagestudy
78._____________
2)Culturalcommunication
(1)79._____________
(2)Knowingthelocalwayoflife,peopleandculture
3)80.____________
Beingleastexpensivesometimes
81._______
1)Lossofsellingpoint
Hosts’havinglesstimeforstudents
2)82.___________
Students’becomingmoredemanding
83._______
Servicequalityimprovement
(1)84.__________________
(2)Organizingstructuredfamilyactivities
85._______
Hostfamilyaccommodationwillkeepthepopularityvotewithstudents.
(2008)Thebestthingyoucansayabouttheroofsofmostcitybuildingisthatyoudon’thavetolookatthemmuch.That’sverygood,sinceanurbanlandscapeviewedfromabovecanbeanunlovelything—blockafterblockoftarred(铺有沥青的)blackrooftops,stickyinsummer,windsweptinwinter,uglyyear-round.Oratleastthat’sthewayitusedtobe.
Buturbanroofsaregoinggreen.Environmentaldesignershavebeguntorealizethatthetopsofbuildingsdon’thavetobewastelands.Indeed,theycanbegardens,plantedwithgrasses,flowersandbushes.
Aplantedroofusuallycomesinoneofthetwovarieties:
extensiveorintensive.Theextensivetypeiswideandshallow,withasoildepthoflessthan8inches,abletosupportsmallerplants.Theintensivetypemaysmaller,butit’srelativelydeeperandhometolargerplants.
whateverthedesign,greenroofsarenotsosimpleasordinarygardens.Theyhavemultiplelayersbeneaththesoil,includingadrainagelayer,waterproofing,structuralsupport,andsoon.
Butthissystemcandoagreatdealofgood.ArecentpaperinthejournalBioSciencetellsthatgreenroofscancontroltemperature,containwaterandcleantheair,Andmostimpressively,theycancutheatlossfromabuildingby50%,lowerair-conditioningcostsby25%,andreducetheurban-heated-islandeffectby2°
C.
Ofcourse,apartfromthesquarefeetgreenedandheatreduced,greenroofsareevenmorevaluedsincepeoplecangainsomepsychologicalcomfortsimplybyhavingaquietplacetogo.Assooftenhappens,what’sgoodfortheplanetcanalsobegoodforthespirit.
(2009)Whatiseco-fashion?
Eco-fashionisacomplexphenomenonandthecommonuseofthetermcoverstwoaspectsoffashion—‘ecological’and‘ethical’(伦理的).Ecologicalfashionusuallyreferstotextile(织物)andclothingproductionprocessesandtheenvironmentalissues(议题)surroundingthem;
ethicalfashiongenerallyrelatestotheworkingconditionsinvolvedintheproducingprocesses.
Whataretheproblemswithfashion?
Firstly,theproductionoftextilespollutestheenvironmentalheavily.Cotton-plantingusespesticides;
sheep-farmingandwool-cleaningcontributetoglobalwarming;
synthetics-making(人造纤维生产)bringsaboutharmfulwaste.Secondly,everystageofclothingproductionhasasignificanteffectontheenvironment.Theyalluseagreatdealofenergy,andsomealsoinvolveharmfulchemicals.Inadditiontothis,thereisalotofwasteproducedintheprocess,especiallyintheformofpollutedwater.Thirdly,growingconsumptionlevelsandourshoppinghabitsfurtherworsenthebadeffects.Wearenowbuyingclothesinincreasingquantitieswithoutrealizingthescaleonwhichitaffectsnaturalenvironment,andwearealsoquicktothrowawayclothesthathavebeenwormonlyacoupleoftimes.
Then,howtosolvetheproblem?
Toalargedegree,itisthefashionproducersthatreallyhavethepowerandtheresponsibilitytoshapeourfuture.Therearenumerouswaysinwhichtheseproducerscanreducetheirecologicalfootprint,fromswitchingtogreenenergyandreducingenergyuse,throughselectingsustainable(可持续使用的)materialsandchoosinglocalsuppliers,torecycleandminimizewaste.Ontheotherhand,asconsumerswecanallmakecontributionsbyselectingenvironmentallyfriendlyclothingandreducing
clothingconsumption.
Nowmanypeoplearebeginningtoshopfororganicfoodproductsbecausethebenefitsofeatingfoodfreeofchemicalsarestraightfo