语言学概论课后参考答案杨信彰Word文档格式.docx

语言学概论课后参考答案杨信彰Word文档格式.docx

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3.Imaynotsayanything,butmovethedeskaway.

1.2.2

1.Generalfunctionsrefertotheparticularindividualusesoflanguagewhilstmetafunctionsrefertothelarger,moregeneralpurposesunderlyinglanguageuse.

2.No.AccordingtoHalliday,everysentenceinatextismultifunctionalandhasthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:

ideational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.

3.Halliday'

sfunctionaltheoryemphasizestherelationshipbetweenlanguagestructureandthelanguagefunctionsinsociallife,whilethetraditionalgrammaremphasizestheformsofthesentence.

1.3.1

1.Iagreetotheevolutionarytheorywhichtendstobelievethatmanevolvedfromlowerformsoflife,andsodidlanguage.Thisisascientificapproachtotheoriginoflanguageasitisbasedonawiderangeofstudiesoveryearsbybiologists,anthropologists,psychologists,neurologists,primatologistsandlinguists.Withmanysignificantchangessinceitsearlyintroduction,theevolutionarytheoryshowsustheoriginoflanguagefromvariousaspects,suchastheorganicevolution,environmentalfactors.

2.轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪

3.Onomatopoeticwordsareimitationsofthesoundsofnature,andemotionalejaculationsofpain,fear,surprise,pleasure,anger,etc.Accordingtotheinventiontheory,onomatopoeticwordsformthebasisoflanguage,oratleastthecoreofthebasicvocabulary.

1.3.2

1.Usually,therearetwomainwaysofclassifyinglanguages:

thegenetic（orgenealogical）andthetypological.Thehistoricalclassificationisbasedontheassumptionthatlanguageshavedivergedfromacommonancestor.Thiscriteriaistoresearchintothehistoryandrelatednessoflanguages.Ontheotherhand,thetypologicalclassificationisbasedonacomparisonoftheformalsimilaritieswhichexistbetweenlanguages.Itisanattempttogrouplanguagesintostructuraltypes,onthebasisofphonology,grammar,orvocabulary,ratherthanintermsofanyrealorassumedhistoricalrelationship.

2.Currently,wecannotsaythatalllanguagesintheworldderivedfromonecommonancestor.Itmightbetruethatsomelanguageshavedivergedfromonecommonancestor,forexample,French,Spanish,ItalianandotherRomancelanguageswereclearlydescendedfromLatin,butnoevidenceshowthatalllanguagesintheworldhavethesameorigin.Asresearchshows,thereareatleast29languagefamiliesintheworld.However,thisproblemwillbesolvedwhenwehaveenoughevidencetoshowthathumanbeingshaveonecommonancestor.

3.Themajorcausesforthelanguagediversityintheworldincludegrammaticalstructure,historicalfactors,socialfactors,interculturalcontact,etc.

1.4.1

1.Thetwosentencesperformthesamefunctionofrequesting.However,Thetwosentenceshavedifferentchoicesofwordsandsyntaxstructures.Sentence（a）isstructurallyanimperativesentence,whileSentence（b）takestheformofaquestionandtheword'

please'

isadded.So,theeffectsofthetwoutterancesaredifferent.Sentence（b）wouldsoundmorepolite.Whenwearedecodingthem,wewouldtakeintoaccountsuchfactorsaschoiceofwordsandsyntacticstructures,theprincipleofpolitenessandthecontext.

2.Asascience,linguisticsdemandsascientificoutlookuponlanguage.Toconductastudyoflanguagescientifically,wemusttakeanobjectiveviewoflanguageandalllinguisticphenomenaandstudylanguageandreflectonitinadetachedandunbiasedway.Evenalocalvarietywithfewnativespeakersmayalsofallwithinourinvestigations.Moreover,weshouldadoptthegeneralprinciplesofempiricalresearchprocedurestoobserveandanalyzedatafoundinnaturallanguages.

3.Therealobjectoflinguisticsistofindoutfundamentalrulesthatunderlieallthelanguagesintheworld.Weneedtolookintothecommonfeaturesofalllanguages,therangeofvariationsamonglanguages,thedifferenceofhumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunication,thechangeandevolutionoflanguage,therelationoflanguagetomindandsociety,andsoon.

1.4.2

1.Itisveryimportanttostudyspeechinlinguistics,becauselanguageisprimarilyvocal.Asweknow,nocommunityhasawrittenformonly,thoughmanyhaveaspokenlanguageonly.Childrenlearnspokenlanguagefirstandmosteasily.Earlierinthe20thcenturycertainlinguistsbegantodoubtthepriorityofwriting.Bloomfieldarguedthatwritingwasnotlanguagebutmerelyawayofrecordinglanguage.Thecontemporarylinguisticsmaintainsthatthespokenlanguageisprimaryandthatwritingisessentiallyameansofrepresentingspeechinanothermedium.Linguisticshasstressedthepriorityofspeechbecauseitisthe"

natural,"

orprimary,mediuminwhichlanguageismanifest,andwrittenlanguagederivesfromthetransferenceofspeechtoasecondary,visualmedium.

2.Thereisnoabsolutestandardofcorrectnessbecauselinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Differentgroupsofpeoplemayusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage.Thecorrectnessinlanguageuseshouldnotbeprescribedgrammatically.

3.Inreality,itisimpossibletohaveastandardlanguage.Thereasonisthatlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Thereisnoabsolutestandardofcorrectness.What'

smore,asweknow,withthepassageoftime,alllanguagesaresubjecttochange.Alllivinglanguagesaretheretoservethedifferentsocialneedsofthecommunitiesthatusethem.Astheseneedschange,languageswilltendtochangetomeetthenewsituations.Thus,astandardlanguageisnotpossible.

1.5.1

1.Therearemanyexternalfactorsrelatedtolanguage.Culturalfactorsinfluencethefullmeaningofthelanguageconveys.Socialfactorsincludethesocialbackgroundsofboththespeakerandtheaddressee（i.e.theirage,sex,socialclass,ethnicbackground,degreeofintegrationintotheirneighborhood,etc.）,therelationshipbetweenspeakerandaddresseeandthecontextandmanneroftheinteraction.Psychologicalfactorshaveeffectsonpeople'

sbehaviors.

2.Thoughtherearemanytranslationsoftwaresinthemarket,translationsdonebymachinesarefulloferrorsandrequiremuchpost-editing.Thekeyproblemisthelackofagoodlinguistictheorytoprovideaframeofreferenceformachinetranslation.Itisunlikelythatmachineswillreplacehumantranslators.

3.Foreignlanguagelearningandteachinginvolvesseveralinterrelatedfactors.Theseare:

linguistictheories,situationalfactors,inputandinteraction,learnerdifferences,learnerprocesses,linguisticoutput,curriculumandsyllabusdesign,teachingmethodology,learnerandteacherroles,textbookwriting,languageplanning,andsoon.

1.5.2

1.Linguisticstudieshavegonethroughmanychanges.Sincethe1930sdowntothepresent,theexpansionofknowledgeinsomanydirectionshaveledtoseveralattemptstomakesynthesisandtodevelopaunifiedtheoryoflanguage.SeveralschoolsofthoughthaveemergedroundafewprominentlinguistssuchasFirth,Halliday,HjelmslevandChomsky,majorcentersoflinguisticstudylikePragueSchool,GenevaSchool,CopenhagenSchool,andleadingconceptssuchasstructuralism,functionalism,tagmemics,systemicfunctionalgrammar,transformationalgenerativegrammar,speechacttheory.

2.Ithinkdiscourseanalysisisaproperwaytostudylanguage.Traditionallinguisticanalysishasconcentratedontheinternalstructureofsentences,butdiscourseanalysisisinterestedintheanalysisofunitslargerthansentences.Thus,thetermdiscourseortextreferstoalllinguisticunitswithadefinablecommunicativefunction,spokenorwritten.Itstressestheneedtoseelanguageasadynamic,social,andinteractivephenomenon.

3.Acorpusisalwaysneededinlinguistics.Overthepastfewyears,thestudyoflanguageinactualusehasrequiredacorpus-basedresearch.Scholarsneedacorpustoanalyzepatternsofuseinnaturaltexts.Theimportanceofcorpustolanguagestudyisalignedtotheimportanceofempiricaldatabecauseempiricaldataenablethelinguisttomakeobjectivestatements,ratherthanthosebasedupontheindividual'

sownsubjectiveperceptionoflanguage.So,corpuslinguisticsshouldbeseenasasubsetoftheactivitywithinanempiricalapproachtolinguistics.

Charpter2

2.1.1

1.Articulatoryphoneticsdealswiththeidentificationandclassificationofindividualsounds.Itattemptstoprovideaframeworkofthenatureofspeechsoundsandhowtheyareproduced.Acousticphoneticsfocusesontheanalysisandmeasurementofsoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalcharacteristicsofspeechsoundsastheyaredeterminedandmeasuredbymachines,andattemptstodeducetheacousticbasisofspeechproductionandperception.

2.Thespeechchainconsistsofthreestages:

theproductionofthemessage,thetransmissionofthemessageandthereceptionofthemessage.AccordingtoBallandRahilly,thereareaseriesofactivitiesinthespeechchain.First,thereisphysiologicalactivityinthebrainofthespeaker.Thenthebrainsendsinstructionstoavarietyofmusclesofvocalorgans.Theresultisarangeofmusclecontractionsandphysicalmovementofstructuressuchastheribcage,thelarynx,thetongueandsoon.Inturn,thesemovementsgiverisetoanaerodynamicphaseofthespeechchain,wherebyairflowsthroughthevocaltract.Thisairflowinteractswithcontinuedmovementofstructuressuchasthevocalfolds,tongue,lipsandsoftpalatetoproducethediffere