《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习题docxWord文件下载.docx
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bedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhat
theyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive
whilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethe
languagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.
规定性Prescriptive
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayand
whatshouldnotsay.
描述性Descriptive
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
（2）Synchronicanddiachronic
共时和历时
Thedescription
of
a
language
atsome
point
intimeis
asynchronic
study;
the
descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodern
linguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.
历时语言学Diachronic
linguistics
Thestudyof
change
through
time.
adiachronic
studyoflanguage
isa
historicalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageover
aperiodof
time.
共时语言学Synchronical
Thestudyofagivenlanguageat
agiventime.
（3）Speechandwriting口头语与书面语
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguistics
regardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:
1.Speechprecedeswriting;
2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;
3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.
（4）Langueandparole
语言和言语
必考名解P4
TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly
20thcentury.
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech
community,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremade
thedistinction
inorder
tosingleoutoneaspectof
forseriousstudy.
He
believeswhat
linguists
shoulddo
istoabstractlangue
from
parole,todiscover
regularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudy
oflinguistics.
语言langue
（抽象）
Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
言语parole
（具体）
Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
（5）Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用
ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.
Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,and
performancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.He
believesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.
语言能力Competence（抽象）
Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
语言运用performance（具体）
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。
（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
传统语法和现代语法
Itisgenerallybelievedthatthebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasmarkedbythe
publicationofF·
deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics
”intheearly20
th
century.Beforethatistraditionalgrammar.
Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforce
languagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
（Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainly
spokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的
资料为基础。
traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’传high统语法’是规writtenlanguage.
定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。
）
1.2什么是语言
1.2.1定义
语言language：
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman
communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage必考P8
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimal
systemofcommunication.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性（创造性）
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Culturaltransmission文化传递
⑴arbitrariness
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossible
forlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions
⑵Productivity
Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.
⑶Duality
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.
⑷Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthe
speaker.
⑸Culturaltransmission
Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearned
thedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.
notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiarto
theirspecies.
1.2.3Functionsoflanguage语言的功能
Descriptivefunction,expressivefunction,socialfunction
SixelementsofaspeecheventspecifiedbyJakobson:
Addresser-Emotive感情功能
Addressee-Conative意动功能
Context-Referential所指功能
Message-Poetic诗歌功能
Contact-Phaticcommunion寒暄功能
Code-Metalinguistic无语言功能
ChapterTwoPhonology
2.2Phonetics（语音学）
2.2.1定义
Phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:
itisconcernedwithallthe
soundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.
是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音
2.2.2Organsofspeech
3个区域：
thepharyngealcavity咽腔-thethroat，theoralcavity口腔-themouth，nasal
cavity鼻腔-thenose
清音Voiceless
Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausing
vibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
浊音Voicing
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
2.2.3宽式音标和严式音标
宽式音标Broadtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.
严式音标Narrowtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.
送气Aspirated
不送气Unaspirated
2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类
Vowelandconsonant元音辅音
Vowel
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandthe
airstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
ClassificationofEnglishconsonants
a:
intermsofthemannersofarticulation（发音方式）:
Stops（爆破音）:
pbtdkg6
Fricatives（摩擦音）:
/f//v//θ//e//s//z//?
//?
/h//r/8
Affricatives（塞擦音）:
/t?
//d?
/
Liquids（清音）:
/l//r/
Nasals（鼻音）:
/m,n,η/
Glides（滑音）:
/wj/
b:
intermsofplaceofarticulation（发音部位）
bilabials（双唇音）:
/pbmw/
labiodentals（唇齿音）:
/fv/
dentals（齿音）:
/e///θ
alveolars（齿龈音）:
/tdnlrs/6
palatals（腭音）:
/j?
?
t?
d/5
velars（软腭音）:
/kgη/
glottal（喉音）:
/h/
ClassificationofEnglishvowels
thepositionofthetoneinmouth:
front,central,back,
theopennessofthemouth:
closedsemi-closedsemi-openandopen.
c:
theshapeofthelips:
roundedandunrounded
d:
thelengthofthevowels:
tenseandlaxorlongandshort
2.3Phonplogy音位学
2.3.2Phone,phonemeandallophone
音素Phone
aphoneticunitorsegment.
音位Phoneme
acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.
音位变体Allophones
Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalled
theallophonesofthatphoneme.
2.3.4explainthesequentialruleandtheassimilationrule.
序列规则Sequentialrules
Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.
同化规则Assimilationrules
Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’copying’featureofa
sequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
省略规则Deletionrule
It’saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedaltho
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