《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习题docxWord文件下载.docx

1、be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and whatthey should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptivewhile modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is suppos

2、ed to describe thelanguage people actually use, whether it is “ correct ” or not.规定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ” correct ” behavior, to tell people what they should say andwhat should not say.描述性 DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.（2

3、 ） Synchronic and diachronic共时和历时The descriptionofalanguageat somepointin time isa synchronicstudy;thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modernlinguistics, synchronic study is more important.历时语言学 DiachroniclinguisticsThe study ofchangethroughtime.a diachr

4、onicstudy of languageis ahistorical study, which studies the historical development of language overa period oftime .共时语言学 SynchronicalThe study of a given language ata given time .（3 ） Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguisticsregards t

5、he spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are:1.Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of

6、communication than the written.（4 ） Langue and parole语言和言语必考名解 P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity, and parole refers to the realization of

7、langue in actual use. Saussure madethe distinctionin orderto single out one aspect offor serious study.Hebelieves whatlinguistsshould dois to abstract languefromparole, to discoverregularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of studyof linguistics.语言 langue（抽象）The abs

8、tract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.言语 parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.（5 ） Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 s.He defines competence as the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his langua

9、ge, andperformance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Hebelieves the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.语言能力 Competence （抽象 ）Competence is the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language.语言运用 performance （具体）Performance is t

10、he actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现 。（6 ） Traditional grammar and modern linguistics传统语法和现代语法It is generally believed that the beginning of modern linguistics was marked by thepublication of F de Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics”in

11、 the early 20thcentury. Before that is traditional grammar.Differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics:Modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Modern linguistics differs

12、from traditional grammar also in that it does not forcelanguages into a Latin-based framework.（Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainlyspoken language date. 现代语言学是描述性的 ，其研究以确实可靠的 、主要以口语形式的资料为基础 。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on 传high统

13、语法是规written language.定性的 ，研究 高级 书面语 。 ）1.2 什么是语言1.2.1 定义语言 language ： Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系 。1.2.2 Design features of language 必考 P8It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animalsy

14、stem of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征 。Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多产性 （创造性 ）Duality 双重性Displacement 移位性Cultural transmission 文化传递arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes i

15、t possiblefor language to have an unlimited source of expressionsProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the imm

16、ediate situations of thespeaker.Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learnedthe details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted.not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of

17、calls peculiar totheir species.1.2.3 Functions of language 语言的功能Descriptive function, expressive function, social functionSix elements of a speech event specified by Jakobson:Addresser - Emotive 感情功能Addressee - Conative 意动功能Context - Referential 所指功能Message - Poetic 诗歌功能Contact - Phatic communion 寒暄

18、功能Code - Metalinguistic 无语言功能Chapter Two Phonology2.2 Phonetics （语音学）2.2.1 定义Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world s languages.是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究 ，它关注语言世界中的所有语音2.2.2 Organs of speech3 个区域 ： the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 -the throat

19、， the oral cavity 口腔 -the mouth ， nasalcavity 鼻腔 -the nose清音 VoicelessWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causingvibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.浊音 VoicingSounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are call

20、ed voiced sounds.2.2.3 宽式音标和严式音标宽式音标 Broad transcriptionThe transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.严式音标 Narrow transcriptionThe transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.送气 Aspirated不送气 Unaspirated2.2.4Classification of English speech sounds 英语语音的分类Vowel

21、and consonant 元音辅音VowelThe sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and theair stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.Classification of English consonantsa: in terms of the manners of articulation（ 发音方式 ）:Stops（ 爆破音 ）: pb td kg 6

22、Fricatives（ 摩擦音 ）: /f/ /v/ / / /e/ /s/ /z/ / ?/ / ?/ h/ /r/ 8Affricatives（ 塞擦音 ）: /t ?/ /d ?/Liquids（ 清音 ）: /l/ /r/Nasals（ 鼻音 ）: /m,n, /Glides（ 滑音 ）: /w j/b: in terms of place of articulation（ 发音部位 ）bilabials（ 双唇音 ）: /p b m w/labiodentals（ 唇齿音 ）: /f v/dentals（ 齿音 ）: /e/ /alveolars（ 齿龈音 ）: /t d n l r

23、 s/ 6palatals（ 腭音 ）: /j ? ? t ? d / 5velars（ 软腭音 ）: /k g /glottal（ 喉音 ）: /h/Classification of English vowelsthe position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back,the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open.c:the shape of the lips: rounded and unroundedd:the length of the vowel

24、s: tense and lax or long and short2.3Phonplogy 音位学2.3.2Phone, phoneme and allophone音素 Phonea phonetic unit or segment.音位 Phonemea collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.音位变体 AllophonesDifferent phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are calledthe allophone

25、s of that phoneme.2.3.4 explain the sequential rule and the assimilation rule .序列规则 Sequential rulesRules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.同化规则 Assimilation rulesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.省略规则 Deletion ruleIt s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted altho