历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案文档格式.docx
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century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous
(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving
matter.
ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures
presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid
(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After
theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad
trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur
foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom
0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive
(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.
Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould
notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated
fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly
(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.
Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto
boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor
spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway
(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair
couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.
1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.
(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.
(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto
(a)fullof
(b)developinginto
(c)resistantto
(d)hurtby
3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?
(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?
(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?
(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?
(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?
4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(a)benefitfrom
(b)appearsimilarto
(c)jointogetherwith
(d)growfrom
5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto
(a)trapparticlesforanalysis
(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction
(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide
(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether
6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe
(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject
(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters
(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused
(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected
7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(a)analyzed
(b)doubted
(c)persuaded
(d)suggested
8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere
(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms
(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials
(c)fairlyrare
(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether
9.Theword“it”inline22refersto
(a)anutrientsolution
(b)aglassflask
(c)boiling
(d)spontaneousgeneration
10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?
(a)Asealedcontainer
(b)Freshair
(c)Heat
(d)Thepresenceofnutrients
11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto
(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments
(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution
(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions
(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair
Questions12-20
IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer
associety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhos