语言学课后习题问题详解Word格式.docx
《语言学课后习题问题详解Word格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学课后习题问题详解Word格式.docx(24页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
(1)linguistics:
thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.
(2)language:
asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanmunication.
(3)arbitrariness:
theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.
(4)duality:
thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)binetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.
(5)petence:
knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.
(6)performance:
Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orpetence.
(7)stylistics:
thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.
(8)phaticmunion:
Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.
(9)functionalism:
thestudyoftheformsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctioninmunication.
(10)formalism:
thestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.
(11)synchroniclinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.
(12)diachroniclinguistics:
thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.
2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’orpigs’noisesandthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.
3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou〞,but“yilu〞inJapanese;
itbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourse,onomatopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack〞and“bang〞areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerelativelyfewparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.
4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageatbirth.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.AChinesebabybornandbroughtupinLondonbyanEnglishfamilywillspeakEnglish,whileanEnglishchildbroughtupinBeijingbyaChineseauntwillspeakChinese.Thatistosay,languagecannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.Itisculturallytransmitted.
5.Firstly,linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectnesswhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizescorrectness.Secondly,linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,whiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesthepriorityofthewrittenlanguage.Thirdly,traditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.
6.Adescriptiveapproachattemptstotellwhatisinthelanguagewhiletheprescriptiveapproachtellspeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,whereastraditionalgrammarsareprescriptive.
7.Synchroniclinguisticsstudieslanguageatoneparticulartimewhilediachroniclinguisticsstudieslanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime.Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.
8.No,humanlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofspecialization.Itreferstothefactthatmandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofmunication.Forexample,amothercantellastorytoherchildwhileslicingupacake.However,wolvescanonlyrespondtoastimulusandistotallyinvolvedphysicallyinthemunicationprocess.Thus,awolfcannothavealanguagesimilartoman’s,eventhoughitcouldexpressathousanddifferentemotions.Besides,theaspectofproductivityalsodistinguisheshumanlanguagefromwolf’spostures.
Chapter2
TheSoundsofLanguage
1.Defineeachofthefollowingtermsbriefly.
(1)articulator:
thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.
(2)assimilation:
aphonologicalprocesswherebyasoundbeesphoneticallysimilar(oridentical)toaneighboringsound,e.g.avowelbees[+nasal]whenfollowedbya[+nasal]consonant.
(3)consonant:
aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorpleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.
(4)el