糖尿病的英文文章0Word文档格式.docx

糖尿病的英文文章0Word文档格式.docx

《糖尿病的英文文章0Word文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《糖尿病的英文文章0Word文档格式.docx（6页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

糖尿病的英文文章0@#@糖尿病的英文文章@#@第一篇Diabetesmellitustype2FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaDiabetesmellitustype2ClassificationandexternalresourcesUniversalbluecirclesymbolfordiabetes.[1]ICD-10E11ICD-9250.00,250.02OMIM125853DiseasesDB3661MedlinePlus000313eMedicinearticle/117853MeSHD003924Diabetesmellitustype2（formerlynoninsulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus（NIDDM）oradult-onsetdiabetes）isametabolicdisorderthatischaracterizedbyhighbloodglucoseinthecontextofinsulinresistanceandrelativeinsulindeficiency.[2]Thisisincontrasttodiabetesmellitustype1,inwhichthereisanabsoluteinsulindeficiencyduetodestructionofisletcellsinthepancreas.[3]Theclassicsymptomsareexcessthirst,frequenturination,andconstanthunger.Type2diabetesmakesupabout90%ofcasesofdiabeteswiththeother10%dueprimarilytodiabetesmellitustype1andgestationaldiabetes.Obesityisthoughttobetheprimarycauseoftype2diabetesinpeoplewhoaregeneticallypredisposedtothedisease.Type2diabetesisinitiallymanagedbyincreasingexerciseanddietarymodification.Ifbloodglucoselevelsarenotadequatelyloweredbythesemeasures,medicationssuchasmetforminorinsulinmaybeneeded.Inthoseoninsulin,thereistypicallytherequirementtoroutinelycheckbloodsugarlevels.Ratesoftype2diabeteshaveincreasedmarkedlyoverthelast50yearsinparallelwithobesity:

@#@Asof2010thereareapproximately285millionpeoplewiththediseasecomparedtoaround30millionin1985.[4][5]Long-termcomplicationsfromhighbloodsugarcanincludeheartdisease,strokes,diabeticretinopathywhereeyesightisaffected,kidneyfailurewhichmayrequiredialysis,andpoorcirculationoflimbsleadingtoamputations.Theacutecomplicationofketoacidosis,afeatureoftype1diabetes,isuncommon.[6]However,nonketotichyperosmolarcomamayoccur.Contents[hide]1Signsandsymptomso1.1Complications2Causeo2.1Lifestyleo2.2Geneticso2.3Medicalconditions3Pathophysiology4Diagnosis5Screening6Prevention7Managemento7.1Lifestyleo7.2Medicationso7.3Surgery8Epidemiology9History10References11ExternallinksSignsandsymptomsOverviewofthemostsignificantsymptomsofdiabetes.Theclassicsymptomsofdiabetesarepolyuria（frequenturination）,polydipsia（increasedthirst）,polyphagia（increasedhunger）,andweightloss.[7]Othersymptomsthatarecommonlypresentatdiagnosisinclude:

@#@ahistoryofblurredvision,itchiness,peripheralneuropathy,recurrentvaginalinfections,andfatigue.Manypeople,however,havenosymptomsduringthefirstfewyearsandarediagnosedonroutinetesting.Peoplewithtype2diabetesmellitusmayrarelypresentwithnonketotichyperosmolarcoma（aconditionofveryhighbloodsugarassociatedwithadecreasedlevelofconsciousnessandlowbloodpressure）.[3]ComplicationsMainarticle:

@#@ComplicationsofdiabetesmellitusType2diabetesistypicallyachronicdiseaseassociatedwithaten-year-shorterlifeexpectancy.[4]Thisispartlyduetoanumberofcomplicationswithwhichitisassociated,including:

@#@twotofourtimestheriskofcardiovasculardisease,includingischemicheartdiseaseandstroke;@#@a20-foldincreaseinlowerlimbamputations,andincreasedratesofhospitalizations.[4]Inthedevelopedworld,andincreasinglyelsewhere,type2diabetesisthelargestcauseofnontraumaticblindnessandkidneyfailure.[8]IthasalsobeenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofcognitivedysfunctionanddementiathroughdiseaseprocessessuchasAlzheimer’sdiseaseandvasculardementia.[9]Othercomplicationsinclude:

@#@acanthosisnigricans,sexualdysfunction,andfrequentinfections.[7]CauseThedevelopmentoftype2diabetesiscausedbyacombinationoflifestyleandgeneticfactors.[8][10]Whilesomeareunderpersonalcontrol,suchasdietandobesity,others,suchasincreasingage,femalegender,andgenetics,arenot.[4]Alackofsleephasbeenlinkedtotype2diabetes.[11]Thisisbelievedtoactthroughitseffectonmetabolism.[11]Thenutritionalstatusofamotherduringfetaldevelopmentmayalsoplayarole,withoneproposedmechanismbeingthatofalteredDNAmethylation.[12]LifestyleMainarticle:

@#@Lifestylecausesofdiabetesmellitustype2Anumberoflifestylefactorsareknowntobeimportanttothedevelopmentoftype2diabetes,including:

@#@obesity（definedbyabodymassindexofgreaterthanthirty）,lackofphysicalactivity,poordiet,stress,andurbanization.[4]Excessbodyfatisassociatedwith30%ofcasesinthoseofChineseandJapanesedescent,60-80%ofcasesinthoseofEuropeanandAfricandescent,and100%ofPimaIndiansandPacificIslanders.[3]Thosewhoarenotobeseoftenhaveahighwaisthipratio.[3]Dietaryfactorsalsoinfluencetheriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.Consumptionofsugar-sweeteneddrinksinexcessisassociate