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ispreciseandaccurate
isimpersonalandobjective
iscautiousortentative
referstootherwriters’work
UseofFormalLanguage
Formallanguageisrequiredinacademicwritings.However,therearecaseswherethisrulemightnotapply.Forexample,youmaybeaskedtowriteapersonaljournaltodescribeyourreactionstocertainconcepts,ortoapplythemtoyourownlifeexperience.
1nousecontractions,orcolloquialismsandslang.Lookattheseexamples:
Contractions:
isn’t,it’llbecompleted,they’ve,there’s
Slangorcolloquialwordsorphrases:
okay,prettyreliable,deadeasy,messedup,sortof
ApassagewhichdoesNOTuseformallanguage:
Sometreatiesstartonadatesetoutinthetreaty.Othersstartwhenthere’saproclamation.Alotoftreatieshavetoberegisteredwhenthey’reratified.Theycandothisregistrationeitherwithaspecialgroupestablishedinthetreatyitself,orwithaninternationalgroup.UnitedNationsmembershavetoregistertreatieswiththeUnitedNations’Secretariat.
Atreatycanoperateforasettermorforanothersortofgeneralperiod,dependingonhowit’sdrawnup.Alsothetreatywillhaveprovisionsthatallowforfinishing,renewingorwithdrawingfromthegroup’sobligationsinthetreaty.
ThesamepassagewhichDOESuseformallanguagecorrectly:
Sometreatiescomeintoforceonadatesetoutinthetreatyitself.Otherswillbecomeeffectiveuponproclamation.Mosttreatiesmustberegisteredatratification.Thisregistrationwillbeeitherwithaspecialbodyestablishedunderthetreatyitself,orwithaninternationalorganization.UnitedNationsmembersmustregistertreatieswiththeSecretariatoftheUnitedNations.
Atreatymayoperateforafixedtermorforanindefiniteperiod,dependinguponitsterms.Alsothetreatyitselfwillcontainprovisionsthatallowforterminating,renewingorwithdrawingfromobligationsunderthetreaty.
Exercise1:
Rewritethefollowingparagraphwithmoreformalexpressions
Spokentext
Nowadayscompaniesarefindingthattheyhavetochangethewaytheydothingsandthey’refindingthathumanresourcesplanningisreallyhelpfulwhentheyhavetodothis.Onereasonwhyit’shelpfulisbecauseitcanhelpthecompaniesworkoutwhattheissuesareandthen,whenyou’vedonethat,itcanhelpyoumakeupyourmindwhatyou’regoingtodoaboutit.Basically,humanresourceplanningiswhatyoudowhenyou’regoingthrough….
(Answer:
Ascompaniesexperiencetheneedforchange,theyoftenapplyhumanresourceplanningtodefinetherelevantissuesanddevelopresponsestothem.Broadlydefined,humanresourceplanningistheprocessofanalyzinganorganization’shumanresourcesneedsunderchangingconditionsanddevelopingtheactivitiesnecessarytosatisfythoseneeds.)
2Complexity
Writtenlanguageisgrammaticallymorecomplexthanspokenlanguage.Ithasmoresubordinateclauses,more“that/to”complementclauses,morelongsequencesofprepositionalphrases,moreattributiveadjectivesandmorepassivesthanspokenlanguage.
Writtentextshavelonger,morecomplexwordsandphrases.Theyhavemorenominalisations,morenounbasedphrases,andmorelexicalvariation.Writtentextsarelexicallydensecomparedtospokenlanguage-theyhaveproportionatelymorelexicalwordsthangrammaticalwords.
Thefollowingfeaturesarecommoninacademicwrittentexts:
1)Subordinateclauses/embedding
Thereareseveralfactorswhichhelptoprolongthisperiodtoperhapsthreeorfourtimesthatinthemale.
Thefamilyestablishesavarietyofbasesforrefugeswhichseemtobeusedatdifferenttimesoftheyear.
2)Complementclauses
that-clauses:
ThisconformsconvenientlywithMaslow’s(1970)claimthathumanmotivationisrelatedtoahierarchyofhumanneeds.
ItfollowsthatiftheLabourGovernmentistosecureacceptanceofitseconomicpackage,ithastosecurethesupportofMPsfromeithertheLiberalortheConservativeparty.
to-clauses:
Britain’sapparentabilitytorallyCommonwealthsupportatChicagoseemedtotheAmericanstobeevidenceofBritain’scontinuedworldpower.
of+ing-clauses:
ThepossibilityofincreasingdollarreceiptswascoupledwithabeliefthatAfricacouldbeastrategiccentreforBritishpower.
Participles
FormalwrittenEnglishusesverbslessthanspokenEnglish.-edand-ingparticiplesallowverbstobeusednominallyoradjectively.
Similartemptationsovercamephilosophersconcernedwithestablishingasecurebaseforindividualresponsibility