局部解剖学讲义英文版Word文档下载推荐.docx

局部解剖学讲义英文版Word文档下载推荐.docx

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INTRODUCTION

Ⅰ.TheBasicStructuresoftheHumanBody

Thehumanbodyisessentiallyconstructedinlayers.Formoutsideinwards,thestructuresmetwithadissectorareasfollows:

）Theskin

Itcoversthebodysurfaceandiscomposedofanepitheliallayerofectodermalorigin,theepidermis,andalayerofconnectivetissueofmesodermalorigin,thedermis.Itvariesgreatlyinitsthickness.Asarule,theskinisthinontheventral（flectional）sideandthickonthedorsal（extensional）side,butonthecontrary,itisthickeronthepalmandsole.

）Thesuperficialfascia

Itisafibrous,fattycoveringthatunderliestheskin,soitisalsocalledthesubcutaneoustissueorsubcutaneousfat.Thefatisabsentfromthepartsofthenippleandareolaofthebreastandsomepartsoftheexternalgenitalorgans.Itisusuallythickenoughinwomenassecondarysex-character.Thesuperficialartery,vein,lymphaticvesselandcutaneousnervearesituatedinthislayer.Inthehead,neck,axillaandinguinalregion,italsocontainsanumberofsuperficiallymphnodes.

）Thedeepfascia

Itisalsocalledtheproperfasciathatliesundercoverofthesuperficialfascia.Itisthinbutdenseandstrongcollagenousmembrane,formingsheathsforthemusclesandaffordingthembroadsurfacesforattachment.Inthelimbs,itinveststheentirelimb,andgivesofftheseptawhichseparatesthevariousmusclesandformstheintermuscularseptatoseparatethemusclesingroups.Italsoformstheneurovascularsheathstoboundthenervesandvesselstogetheralongtheircourses.Atthewristandankle,theinvestingfasciaisthickenedandisattachedtotheperiosteum,formingtheretinaculum,whichholdthetendonsinposition.Thedeepfascia,intermuscularsepta,bonetogetherwiththeperiosteumformtheosteofascialcompartment,whichhasanimportantclinicalsignificanceinthespreadofinfectionincertainconditions.

）Themuscle

Mostofmusclesmetwithinthedissectionaretheskeletalmuscles.Theirfleshpartiscalledthebelly,itistheactiveagentthatproducemovement.Eachmusclehasatleasttwoattachments,theattachmentthatusuallyremainsfixediscalledtheorigin,theotheronethatmovesisitsinsertion.Theattachmentofthemuscletobone（orothertissue）isusuallybyalongcordliketendon,orbyabroad,relativelythinaponeurosis.Eachmusclehasitsownbloodsupply,comingfromtheadjacentarteryandhasatleastonenervethatcontainsthemotor,sensoryandautonomicfibers.Thesiteofthenerveandarteryenteringthemuscleiscalledtheneurovascularhilus,itisimportantinthepediculatemusclegrafting.

）Theinnermostlayer

Theinnermostlayerofthelimbsisthebonesandjoints,whileinthedissectionofthetrunk,theinnermoststructuresaretheorgansorvisceraofthethorax,abdomenandpelvis.

）Thefollowingthreekindsofstructuresmaybefoundanywherebeneaththeskin.

1.ThebloodvesselsThearteriesarethick-walledelastictubes.Theywereinjectedwithcolouredmaterialbeforehand.Thisproceduremakesthemmoreapparentandeasilytoberecognized.Theveinsarewiderandthinnerthantheiraccompanyingarteries.Theyusuallyretainthebloodclotsintheirlumen,andarethereforebluishorpurpleincolour.Inthesuperficialfascia,theydonotaccompanythearteriesandaremorenumerous.Allthemiddlesizeddeeparteries（e.g.,theulnarartery）havetwoveins,oneoneachside,calledtheaccompanyingveins.

2.ThelymphaticvesselsandlymphnodesThelymphaticvesselsaresothinandslender,sothat,theyarenotdetectedduringdissection,exceptforthemainlymphatictrunksorductsandsomeofthelargerafferentorefferentlymphvesselsoftheprincipalgroupsoflymphnodes.Thelymphnodesaresmallroundorovalshapedbodiesalongsidethegreaterbloodvessels（e.g.,thejugularveinsandtheabdominalaorta）.Onlyafewlymphnodesarefoundinthesuperficialfascia.

3.ThenervesTheyarewhitecordsandbranchedlikethearteries（buttheirbranchesoftenunitewitheachother）.Withtheexceptionofcutaneousnerves,theyusuallytraveltogetherwiththebloodvesselsinaneurovascularbundle.Theautonomicnervesinthethoracicorabdominalcavitiesareoftenrunningalongthearteriesandformaplexusaroundthemtoinnervatetheplacewherethearterysupplies.

Ⅱ.TheCadaverandtheDissectingLaboratory

）Noonecandenythattheonlywayreallytolearntheanatomyofthehumanbodyisbydissectionofthecadaver.Amedicalstudentshouldregardtheopportunitytodissectthehumanbodyasarareprivilege.Thereisagreattendencyforthedifferentpartstodryoutbyevaporation,changecolour,andbecomehard.Ifapartdriesout,itcanneverberestoredbywettingdown,anddissectionisimpossible.Thefollowingmethodsfo