文学术语词典Word格式.docx
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1 AtermappliedtoanumberofworksindramaandprosefictionwhichhaveincommonthesensethatHumanconditionisessentiallyabsurdwhichcanberepresentedinworksofliteraturethatarethemselvesabsurd.
2 Afterthe1940s,therewasawidespreadtendency,especiallyprominentintheexistentialphilosophyofletterssuchasSartreandAlbertCamustoviewahumanbeingasisolatedexistentwhoiscastintoalienuniversewhichconceivenoinherenttruth,valueormeaningtorepresenthumanlife--initsfruitlesssearchforpurposeandmeaning.
3 SamuelBeckettinhisWaitingforGodotprojecttheirrational,helpless,absurdityoflifeindramaticformthatrejectrealisticsetting,logicreasoningoracoherentevolvingplot.
AlienationEffect
1)InhisEpicTheater,theGermandramatistBrechtadaptedtheRussianFormalistconceptofdefamiliarizationintowhathecalledalienationeffect.
2)ThiseffectBrechtsaidistomakethefamiliaraspectofpresentsocialrealityseemstrangesotopreventtheemotionalidentificationandinvolvementoftheaudiencewiththecharacterandtheiractionsintoaplay.
3)Hisaimwastoevokeacriticaldistanceandattitudeinthespectators,inordertoarosethemtotakeactionagainst,ratherthansimplytoacceptthestateofsocietyandbehaviorrepresentedonthestage.
CanonofLiterature
1 ThetermCanonwasusedinliteraryapplicationtosignifythelistofsecularworksacceptedbyexpertsasgenuinelywrittenbyaparticularauthor.
2 Thefactorsintheprocessofcanonformationarecomplexanddisputed.However,itseemsclear,thattheprocessinvolve,amongotherconditions,concurrenceofcritics,scholarsandauthorswithdiverseviewpointsandsensibilities,thepersistentinfluence,thefrequentreferencetoanauthororworkwithinthediscourseofaculturalcommunity,andthewidespreadassignmentofanauthorortextinschoolandcollegecurricula.Suchfactorsaremutuallyinteractedandneedtobesustainedoveraperiodoftime.
3 Atanytime,theboundariesofliterarycanonremainindefinite,whileinsidethoseboundariessomeauthorsarecentralandothersmoremarginalsincethe1970s,thenatureofcanonformationandoppositiontoestablishingliterarycanons,havebecomealeadingconcernamongcriticsofdiverseviewpointswhetherdeconstructive,feminist,postcolonialornewhistoricist.
4 Awildspreadchangeisthatthestandardcanonofgreatbookshasbeendeterminedlessbyartisticexcellence,butbyitspoliticsofpower,thatisthecanonhasbeenformedinaccordancewiththeideology,politicalinterestandvalueofeliteclassthatwaswhite,maleandEuropean.Thedemandis“toopenthecanon”soastomakeitmulticulturalandmakeitrepresenttheachievementofalargeofwriters.
Ambivalence
1)Atermdevelopedinpsychoanalysistodescribeacontinualfluctuationbetweenwantingonethingandwantingitsopposite.AdaptedintocolonialdiscoursetheorybyHomiBhabha,itdescribesthecomplexmixofattractionandrepulsionthatcharacterizestherelationshipbetweencolonizerandcolonized.
2)Ambivalencedisruptstheclear-cutauthorityofcolonialdomination.Asthecolonialdiscoursewantstoproducecompliantsubjectswhoreproduceitsassumption,habitsandvalues.Butambivalentsubjectwhosemimicryisneverfarfrommockeryproducedaprofounddisturbanceoftheauthorityofcolonialdiscourseinthefluctuatingexistence.
3)BothBhabhaandRobert.Youngthinkitisnotasimplyreversalofbinary,forbothcolonizingandcolonizedsubjectsareimplicatedintheambivalenceofcolonialdiscourse.Theconceptisrelatedtohybridity,becausejustasambivalencedecentersauthorityformitspositionofpower,sothatauthoritymayalsobecomehybridizedwhenplacedinacolonialcontextinwhichitfindsitselfdealingwithandofteninflectedbyotherculture.
Hybridity
1 Inhoticulture,thetermreferstothecross-breedingoftwospecies.Italsotakesmanyformsinlanguageas“pidgin”,incultural,politicalarea.etc.In“TheDialogicImagination”Bahkinusesittosuggestthedisruptiveandtransfiguringpowerofmultivocallanguage.
2 Itisawildlyusedbutdisputedterminpost-colonialtheory.Itreferstothecreationofnewtransculturalformswithinthecontactzoneproducedbycolonization.ThetermhasbeenmostrecentlyassociatedwiththeworkofHomi.Bhabha.Bhabhacontendsthatallculturalstatementsandsystemsareconstructedinaspacethathecalls“TheThirdSpace”.Culturalidentityalsoemergeinthiscontradictoryandambivalentspacewhichmakestheclaimtohierarchicalpurityofculturesuntenable.Itisthein-betweenspacethatcarriestheburdenandmeaningofculture,andthisiswhatmakesthenotionofhybriditysoimportant.
3 Thistermhasalsobeencriticizedasitusuallyimpliesnegatingandneglectingtheimbalenceandinequality