外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品Word格式.docx

外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品Word格式.docx

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外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品@#@中文4160字@#@本科毕业论文（设计）@#@外文翻译@#@原文：

@#@@#@ACostFunctionforHigherEducationinAustralia@#@（extract）@#@1.Introduction@#@ThisstudyestimatesacostfunctionforhighereducationinAustralianuniversities.Theestimatedfunctionisusedtoexaminethecostofprovidinghighereducationtooverseasstudents.Inthehighereducationsector,productionfunctionsareusefulforevaluatingthestructureoftheindustryandcanserveasguidesforindividualinstitutionsonpoliciesaffectingtheirsizeandscope.Moreover,inviewoftherelaxationofprovisionsunderwhichuniversitiescanprovidehighereducationtofull-feepayingdomesticstudents,informationfromcostfunctionscanassistinstitutionstodevelopappropriatepricingstrategies.@#@Costfunctionsalsoprovideanopportunitytoevaluatethecostofprovidinghighereducationtooverseasstudents.Highereducationcostsforanindividualuniversitycanbeestablishedfromadetailedaccountingexerciseinwhichtheexplicitandimplicitcostsallocatedtocoursesandlevelsarecollected.However,inobtainingthecostsofoverseasstudents,thereisstillbeaneedforacostfunctionbecauseitisnecessarytoexaminewhatthecostswouldbeunderalternativestudentnumbers,thatis,withandwithoutoverseasstudents.Someideaofthevariationincostswithdifferentnumberscanbeobtainedbycomparinguniversitiesatthesamedatebutwithdifferentstudentprofiles.Hencetheuseofcostfunctionsprovidesamethodformeasuringthenetbenefits（orcosts）oftheprovidingeducationtooverseasstudents.@#@Thepaperisorganisedasfollows.Section2reviewssomeofthepreviousworkdoneontheAustralianhighereducationsectoranddiscussessomerelevantissues.Section3presentsthebasiccostfunctionmodel,describesthedataandpresentsempiricalresults.Section4presentsresultsfromtheapplicationofthecostfunction,includingthecostspredictionsfortheprovisionofhighereducationforoverseasstudents.Section5drawspolicyimplicationsandconclusions.@#@2.PreviousWorkandSomeIssues@#@Throsby（1986）estimatedthecostofprovidinghighereducationusingdatafrom18Australianuniversitiesfortheperiod1978to1982.ThiswasfollowedbyLloydetal.（1993）andLloyd（1994）,whichdefinedtheconditionsunderwhichthefunctionalformofthecostfunctionallowseconomiesofscaleandscopeintheproductionofmultipleoutputs,thatisresearchandteachinginvariousdisciplinesandatdifferentlevels.Estimatesfromthesestudieswereusedtoanalysetheimpactoftheamalgamationsthatfollowedthe1987reforms.Inparticular,theestimatedequationwasusedtoevaluatethelikelycostsavingsarisingfromtheamalgamationoftwoormoreinstitutions.ThemostrecentcostfunctionestimateforAustraliaisreportedinThrosbyandHeaton（1995）.Using1991cross-sectionaldataon42institutions,ThrosbyandHeatonanalysedtherelationshipbetweentheoperatingcostsofinstitutionsandthenumberofstudentsin10broadsubjectareasandthreelevelsofstudies,usingaquadraticfunctionofthestudentnumbers（implyingconstantmarginalcosts）.TheircostfunctionwasusedbyBaker,CreedyandJohnson（1996）toevaluatethecostofoverseasstudents.@#@Anumberofissuesariseinderivingandusingsuchamodel.First,previousstudiesfailedtoaccountforunobserveddifferencesbetweenuniversities.Eachinstitutionhasaparticularstructurethatmaymaketheprovisionofparticularcoursesmorecostefficientinoneuniversitythaninothers.Inaddition,theexplanatoryvariableschosenmaynotadequatelyrepresentthecharacteristicsofparticularinstitutions;@#@forexample,theremaybevariationofqualityandtheproportionofresourcesdevotedtoresearch.Theimplicitassumptionthatqualityofteachingisindependentofvariationsinstudentnumbersisalsomade.@#@Second,thereareaggregationproblemsassociatedwiththeaccuratespecificationofthevariables.Theseoccurbecausethechoiceofdisciplineorcourselevelcategoriesmaskslargedifferencesbetweencomponentsoftheaggregateddiscipline.Forexample,healthincludesthetrainingofbothhigh-costdoctorsandrelativelylow-costnurses.Attheaggregateleveltheymaybecombinedintoasinglecompositegroup,butindividualuniversitiesmayspecialiseineitherthehigh-costorthelow-costproduct.Accordingly,theirtotalcostswillbeunder-orover-estimatedbytheuseofanaveragedsetofparametersdefinedovertheuniversitiesasawhole.@#@Third,theconventionalcostminimisationassumptiondoesnotapplynaturallytothehighereducationsectorwhengovernment（toalargeextent）determinesboththefundingandtheoutput.Infact,manyuniversitiesmayusethesamemodelasusedbythegovernmenttodeterminethefundingofdomesticstudents（theRelativeFundingModel）forsettingfeesforoverseasstudents.@#@Ingen