国外社会心理学3课件4PPT格式课件下载.ppt

国外社会心理学3课件4PPT格式课件下载.ppt

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”WhentheyletpeopleanswerthesequestionsandotherpeoplelistenedtoonlytheanswerstheythoughttherespondentswerelikethequestionsaskedBaserates（Study3）andmonetaryincentivestobeaccurate（Study4）donoteliminatethiseffectSnyder&

Swan-ConfirmationBiasStudies1&

2combinedTheTrope&

BassokResponsetotheSnyder&

SwanStudyPeoplewouldpreferdiagnosticquestionstothetypesofquestionsSnyder&

Swanallowedthemtochoose.Whatquestionsdopeoplepreferintestingwhethersomeoneisanextravert,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?

”or“Doyoutalkloudly?

”Peoplepreferred,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?

”Furthertestingshowedthatpeopledopreferhypothesisconfirmingquestions,butdiagnosticityofthequestionsisastrongerdeterminantofwhatquestionspeoplewanttoask.Snyder,Tanke,&

Berscheid（1977）-BehavioralConfirmationMenbelievewomenareattractiveorunattractiveandthentheyhavearealconversation.Thetwosidesoftheconversationweretapedseparately.ConfirmatoryHypothesisTesting-menaskwomenquestionsthatelicitphysicalattractivenessstereotype（menweremorepleasanttowomenperceivedtobeattractive）BehaviorConfirmation-themensbehaviorcreatesconfirmationofthestereotype（mensattitudetowardthewomencreateditsownreality）Self-FulfillingPropheciesWord,Zanna,&

Cooper（1974）Study1-WhiteparticipantsinterviewBlackorWhiteConfederateStudy2-WhiteconfederatestrainedtointerviewlikeinterviewersinStudy1interviewWhiteparticipantsRosenthal&

Jacobson-teacherexpectancyeffectsInanumberofclassroomsstudentsarepickedoutatrandomanddesignatedtobelatebloomerswhoaregoingtoexhibitalargespurtintheirlearningability.Thesestudentsdiddobetteranditseemstobemediatedbyteachersinteractionswiththesestudents.Word,Zanna&

Cooper-Study1Word,Zanna,&

Cooper-Study2PerceivingCausalityNisbett&

WilsonStudiesRasingtheTidePowersawexperimentWhichpantyhosedoyoulike?

WilsonRelationshipStudiesListallthepositiveandnegativequalitiesofyourpartnerTellmehowmuchyoufeelaboutyourpartnerWhichpredictsbetter?

RaisingtheTidePerceivingRelationshipsBetweenVariables2X2tablesandhowwedontusethemIllusoryCorrelationChapman&

ChapmanstudiesHamiltonstudies-Stereotypeformationthroughillusorycorrelation?

FailuretoDetectActualCorrelationChapman&

ChapmanstudiesJennings,Amabile,&

Ross-correlationbetweenwalkingsticksandheightHypothesisTestingand2X2TablesOccurredYesNoPredictedYesAXNoYZIllusoryCorrelationWhenarepeopleaccurate?

PeoplecanperceivecorrelationsprettywelliftheyarehighWhentheirtheoriesarerightabouthowtheworldworkspeoplearefairlyaccurateWhentheyarefamiliarwiththedomain-suchaswhethertheyagreewithothersevaluationsofpeopletheyknowwellRatingsofabilityvs.personality（Kunda&

Nisbett,1986）PeoplearemuchmoreaccurateinestimatingconsistencyacrosssituationsforabilitiesthanforpersonalityTheycorrectlyperceivedthatpeoplesabilitiesvaryacrosssituations（someonewhoissmartinmathmaynotbeinEnglish）Theyincorrectlyoverestimatedtheconsistencyofpeoplespersonality（someonewhoisshyinclasswillbeshyatparties）HowDoWeMakeMoreComplexJudgementswithManyVariables?

Weunderstandthingsbetterwhentheyarepresentedinastoryline-Storymodelofjurydecisionmaking（Pennington&

Hastiestudies）PeoplespontaneouslyconstructstorieswhenviewingatrialHoweasyordifficultitistoconstructastoryinfluencestheverdictthatjuriesmake.WelikestoriesbestiftheyhaveExplanatorybreadthSimplicityExtenttowhichtheycanbeexplainedbyotherinformationCounterfactualThinking-WhatCausedThistoGoWrong?

ImagineyougettotheairportandyoumissedyourplaneByanhourorbyfiveminutesWhatwouldmakeyoumoreupset?

AnticipatoryRegretNotionofNormalityandMentalModelsClosenessoftheCounterfactualtotheActualEvent-AirplaneExample,OlympicMedalsExceptionvs.Routine-exceptioncausesmorecounterfactualthinkingControllabilityOtherFactorsthatAffectOurCounterfactualThoughtsActionvs.Inaction-doyoufeelworseifyoudidsomethingordidntdosomething?

BlackJack（Miller&

Taylor,1995）Theimportanceoftime（Gilovich&

Medvec,1995）-whatweregretmoredependsonwhenitoccurredEaseofMentalReplication（Miller,Turnbull,&

McFarland,1989）-StealingcookiesfromthecookiejarFunctionsofCounterfactualsMaypreventfutureproblemsLetusfeelbetterbyimagininghowthingscouldhavebeenworse