AP微观经济学1优质PPT.ppt

AP微观经济学1优质PPT.ppt

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involveseconomicproblemsconcernedbythenation.pMicroeconomics:

concernstheeconomicproblemsfacedbyindividuals,orfirms.成本支出要素需求销售收入产品供给产品需求消费支出要素收入要素供给企业家庭产品市场要素市场实物流货币流MicroeconomicsPositivevs.normativeeconomicspPositiveeconomics:

isbasedonthescientificmethods,pNormativeeconomics:

involvesonesvaluejudgments,personalopinions,andnotbasedonascientificinvestigation.pNeitherofthesetwohassuperiority.ResourcespAresourceisanythingthatcanbeusedtoproduceagoodorservice.Itincludes:

nLand:

allnaturalresources.nLabor:

allhumanattributesthatareproductive,eg.laborforce,labortime,intellectualcapability,etc.nCapital:

productiveequipmentormachinery,eg.factory,computers,paperclips,etc.OpportunitycostpOpcostiswhatmustbesacrificedtoobtainsomething.pInthemacroeconomics,opcostis:

ifanationdecidestoproduceonemoreunitofproductA,howmanyunitsofproductBwillhavetobesacrificed?

pE.g.oppcostofguns=1.67poundsbutter/gunpOroppcostofbutter=0.6guns/butterProductionpossibilitiesfrontierGunsButter1830Allthepointsalongthefrontierareequal:

A,B,CPointsinsidethefrontier,D:

resourcesarenotfullyused.Pointsoutsidethefrontier,E:

cannotbereached.BACDEProductionpossibilitiesfrontiershiftsTwofactorscausethefrontiertoshift:

pChangesintheamountofresources:

newterritoryfound,oilexploitationnLabor:

populationgrowth,nCapital:

placenewequipmentpChangesintechnologyandproductivity.nPositivechange:

reach“E”nNegativechange:

reach“D”LawofincreasingcostsGunsButter1525BAAsmoreofaproductisproduced,itsopcostincreases.Whentheresourcesareshiftedfrombuttertogunproduction,notmanymoregunsareproduced,butalotofbuttermustbesacrificed.Theopcostofproducinggunsbecomeshigh.Whenresourcesareforcedtoworkinanindustrywheretheyarenotproficient,theyarelessproductive,andtheopcostofproducingagoodbecomesgreater.ComparativeadvantageLaborhoursneededtoproduceaunitof:

CountryWheatClothPortugal1020England2060Absoluteadvantage:

theproductioncanbemademoreefficiently.Comparativeadvantage:

anationcanproducethegoodwithaloweropcost.PortugalhasanabsoluteadvantageoverEnglandinbothwheatandclothproduction.ButtradecanstillbebeneficialtobothcountriesevenifPortugalhastheabsoluteadvantage.Astradeisbasedoncomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage.ComparativeadvantageCountryWheatClothOpportunitycostsPortugal211/2c/w2w/cEngland311/3c/w3w/cEnglandhasloweropcostinwheat,Portugalhasloweropcostincloth.Eachcountryproducedonlythegoodwithcomparativeadvantage（loweropcost）andtradedfortheothergood.Specialization:

eachgiven120hrsBeforespecializationClothWheatEngland13Portugal52Total65AfterspecializationEngland06Portugal60Tradeisbeneficialtoallpartiesevenwhenonepartyhasanabsoluteadvantageineverything.2.DemandandSupplyDemandandSupplypDemandnLawofdemandnDemandcurvenDeterminantsofDemandnShiftindemandandmovealongdemandpSupplynLawofsupplynSupplycurvenDeterminantsofsupplynShiftinsupplyandmovealongsupplypEquilibriumpPricecontrolnPriceceilingnPricefloorDemandpTheDemandFunctionnthequantityofdemandeddependsonincome,thepricesofothergoods,aswellasotherfactorspLawofDemandndemanddecreasedasthepriceincreasedPP*Q*QDemandpDeterminantsofDemandnPriceofproductnConsumersincomenConsumertastesnPricesofsubstituteproductsnPricesofcomplementaryproductsnExpectedfuturepriceoftheproductSupplypTheSupplyFunctionnThequantitysupplydependsonthesellingprice,thecostsofproductionwhichdependontechnology,thecostoflabor,andthecostofotherinputsintotheproductionprocess.pLawofsupplynsupplyincreasedasthepriceincreasedPP*P0Q*QpDeterminantsofSupplynPriceoftheproductnThenumberofsellers（providers,suppliers）nCostsofresourcesorproductionnPricesofsubstitutegoods（goodsthatarealsoproducedorcouldbeusingsimilarresources）nPriceexpectationsnTechnologynTaxes/subsidiesSupplyShiftsinandMovementsalongDemandandSupplyCurvespMovementsalongdemandandsupplycurves.沿着需求（供给）曲线移动nAchangeinthemarketpricethatsimplyincreasesordecreasesthequantitysuppliedordemandedisrepresentedbyamovementalongthecurve.pShiftsindemandandsupplycurves.需求（供给）曲线本身发生移动nAchangeinoneoftheindependentvariablesotherth