8劳动经济学PPT资料.ppt

8劳动经济学PPT资料.ppt

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NextpageCopyright2008byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinChapter8TheWageStructureJumptofirstpage8-8-221.PerfectCompetition:

@#@HomogenousWorkersandJobsJumptofirstpage8-8-33HomogenousWorkersandJobsAssumethatthewageof$10insubmarketaishigherthanthewageinothersubmarkets.Assumingthatjobsandworkersarehomogenousandinformationandmobilityiscostless,workerswillleavetheothersubmarketsforhigherpayingsubmarketa.Theequilibriumwageratewilldecreaseinsubmarketaandriseintheothersubmarketsuntilthewagerateisthesameinallsubmarkets（$8）.QuantityofLaborHoursWagerateS0aD0aQ0$10S1aQ1$8Thiswilldecreasethelaborsupplyintheothersubmarketsandincreasethelaborsupplyinsubmarketa（S0toS1）.Jumptofirstpage8-8-442.TheWageStructure:

@#@ObservedDifferentialJumptofirstpage8-8-55HourlyEarningsByOccupationalGroup,2006OccupationalGroupHourlyWageManagement,Business,AndFinancial$29.09Installation,Maintenance,AndRepair18.68SalesWorkers17.12OfficeandAdministrativeSupport14.83ServiceWorkers11.84Farming,Fishing,AndForestry9.85Jumptofirstpage8-8-66HourlyEarningsByIndustryGroup,2006IndustryGroupHourlyWageMining$24.13Finance,Insurance,RealEstate24.06PublicAdministration23.44Transportation,Warehousing,Information,andUtilities21.60Manufacturing20.67Construction18.29Services18.10RetailTrade13.56Jumptofirstpage8-8-77PrivateManufacturingWorkersHourlyEarningsByState,2006StateHourlyWageConnecticut$26.54NewJersey25.77Massachusetts25.04NewYork20.65Pennsylvania20.62Ohio19.20Florida18.15Arkansas16.42Mississippi14.65Jumptofirstpage8-8-883.WageDifferentials:

@#@HeterogenousJobsJumptofirstpage8-8-99Compensatingwagedifferentialsconsistofextrapaythatanemployermustprovideaworkerforsomeundesirablejobcharacteristicthatdoesnotexistinalternativeemployment.Thewagedifferentialiscausedbyadecreasedlaborsupplyforthejobthathastheundesirablejobcharacteristicandanincreasedlaborsupplyforthealternativeemployment.CompensatingDifferentialsJumptofirstpage8-8-1010SourcesofcompensatingdifferentialsRiskofjobinjuryordeathRiskierjobspayhigherwagesFringebenefitsJobswithgreaterfringebenefitspaylowerwagesJobstatusJobswithgreaterprestigepaylowerwagesCompensatingDifferentialsJumptofirstpage8-8-1111JoblocationCitieswithgreateramenitiespaylowerwages.Citieswithgreatercostoflivingpayhighernominalwages.JobsecurityJobswithgreaterjobsecuritypaylowerwages.ProspectofwageadvancementJobswithgreaterwageadvancementhavelowerstartingwages.CompensatingDifferentialsJumptofirstpage8-8-1212ExtentofcontrolovertheworkplaceJobswithlesspersonalcontrolovertheworkplaceandlessflexibleworkhourspayhigherwages.CompensatingDifferentialsJumptofirstpage8-8-1313Jobsthatrequiremoreeducationandtrainingwillpayahigherwageratethanthosethatdonot.Thewagedifferencebetweenskilledandunskilledworkersiscalledtheskilldifferential.Skilldifferentialscanincrease,decrease,orreversewagedifferencescausedbycompensatingdifferentials.Example:

@#@NursesearnmorethanditchdiggersDifferingSkillRequirementsJumptofirstpage8-8-1414ShirkingmodelFirmswillpayabove-marketwageswhereitiscostlytomonitoremployeeperformanceortheemployerscostofpoorperformanceishigh.TurnovermodelFirmswillpayabove-marketwageswhenhiringandtrainingcostsarehigh.EmpiricalevidenceThereismixedempiricalevidence.EfficiencyWagePaymentsJumptofirstpage8-8-1515UnionstatusUnionworkersearnmorethannonunionworkers.Mostofthedifferentialisaneconomicrenttounionworkers.DiscriminationDiscriminationagainstwomenandminoritiesexistsinsomemarketsandcreateswagedifferentials.OtherJoborEmployerHeterogeneitiesJumptofirstpage8-8-1616FirmsizeLargefirmspayhigherwagesthansmallfirms.Largefirmsaremorelikelytobeunionized.WorkersatlargefirmsmaybemoreproductiveTraining,betterworkers,greatercapitalHigherwagesmaybeacompensatingwagedifferential.OtherJoborEmployerHeterogeneitiesJumptofirstpage8-8-17174.WageDifferentials:

@#@HeterogenousWorkersJumptofirstpage8-8-1818Individualsdifferinthetype,amount,andqualityoftheirhumancapital.Theresultisthelaborforceconsistsofnoncompetinggroupsofworkersthatarenoteasilysubstitutableforeachother.Intheshortrun,thesedifferencesinhumancapitalgeneratewagedifferentials.Inthelongrun,thewagedifferentialscauseindividualstomovetohigherpayingjobstosomeextent.NonCompetingGroupsJumptofirstpage8-8-1919DifferencesintimepreferencesPersonswhoarepresented-oriented（i.e.,haveahighdiscountrate）arenotwillingtosacrificepresentconsumptionwithoutalargeincreaseinfutureincome.Personswhoarefuture-oriented（i.e.,haveahighdiscountrate）arewi