8劳动经济学PPT资料.ppt

1、Next pageCopyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinChapter 8The Wage StructureJump to first page8-8-2 21.Perfect Competition:#Homogenous Workers and JobsJump to first page8-8-3 3Homogenous Workers and Jobs Assume that the wage of$10 in submarket a is higher

2、 than the wage in other submarkets.Assuming that jobs and workers are homogenous and information and mobility is costless,workers will leave the other submarkets for higher paying submarket a.The equilibrium wage rate will decrease in submarket a and rise in the other submarkets until thewage rate i

3、s the same in all submarkets（$8）.Quantity of Labor HoursWage rateS0aD0aQ0$10S1aQ1$8 This will decrease the labor supply in the other submarkets and increase the labor supply in submarket a（S0 to S1）.Jump to first page8-8-4 42.The Wage Structure:#Observed DifferentialJump to first page8-8-5 5 Hourly

4、Earnings By Occupational Group,2006Occupational GroupHourly WageManagement,Business,And Financial$29.09Installation,Maintenance,And Repair18.68Sales Workers 17.12Office and Administrative Support14.83Service Workers 11.84Farming,Fishing,And Forestry9.85Jump to first page8-8-6 6 Hourly Earnings By In

5、dustry Group,2006Industry GroupHourly WageMining$24.13Finance,Insurance,Real Estate 24.06Public Administration 23.44Transportation,Warehousing,Information,and Utilities 21.60Manufacturing20.67Construction18.29Services18.10Retail Trade 13.56Jump to first page8-8-7 7 Private Manufacturing Workers Hour

6、ly Earnings By State,2006StateHourly WageConnecticut$26.54New Jersey25.77Massachusetts25.04New York20.65Pennsylvania20.62Ohio19.20Florida18.15Arkansas16.42Mississippi14.65Jump to first page8-8-8 83.Wage Differentials:#Heterogenous JobsJump to first page8-8-9 9Compensating wage differentials consist

7、of extra pay that an employer must provide a worker for some undesirable job characteristic that does not exist in alternative employment.The wage differential is caused by a decreased labor supply for the job that has the undesirable job characteristic and an increased labor supply for the alternat

8、ive employment.Compensating DifferentialsJump to first page8-8-1010Sources of compensating differentialsRisk of job injury or deathRiskier jobs pay higher wagesFringe benefitsJobs with greater fringe benefits pay lower wagesJob statusJobs with greater prestige pay lower wagesCompensating Differentia

9、lsJump to first page8-8-1111Job locationCities with greater amenities pay lower wages.Cities with greater cost of living pay higher nominal wages.Job securityJobs with greater job security pay lower wages.Prospect of wage advancementJobs with greater wage advancement have lower starting wages.Compen

10、sating DifferentialsJump to first page8-8-1212Extent of control over the work placeJobs with less personal control over the workplace and less flexible work hours pay higher wages.Compensating DifferentialsJump to first page8-8-1313Jobs that require more education and training will pay a higher wage

11、 rate than those that do not.The wage difference between skilled and unskilled workers is called the skill differential.Skill differentials can increase,decrease,or reverse wage differences caused by compensating differentials.Example:#Nurses earn more than ditch diggersDiffering Skill RequirementsJ

12、ump to first page8-8-1414Shirking modelFirms will pay above-market wages where it is costly to monitor employee performance or the employers cost of poor performance is high.Turnover modelFirms will pay above-market wages when hiring and training costs are high.Empirical evidenceThere is mixed empir

13、ical evidence.Efficiency Wage PaymentsJump to first page8-8-1515Union statusUnion workers earn more than nonunion workers.Most of the differential is an economic rent to union workers.DiscriminationDiscrimination against women and minorities exists in some markets and creates wage differentials.Othe

14、r Job or Employer HeterogeneitiesJump to first page8-8-1616Firm sizeLarge firms pay higher wages than small firms.Large firms are more likely to be unionized.Workers at large firms may be more productiveTraining,better workers,greater capitalHigher wages may be a compensating wage differential.Other

15、 Job or Employer HeterogeneitiesJump to first page8-8-17174.Wage Differentials:#Heterogenous WorkersJump to first page8-8-1818Individuals differ in the type,amount,and quality of their human capital.The result is the labor force consists of noncompeting groups of workers that are not easily substitu

16、table for each other.In the short run,these differences in human capital generate wage differentials.In the long run,the wage differentials cause individuals to move to higher paying jobs to some extent.NonCompeting GroupsJump to first page8-8-1919Differences in time preferencesPersons who are presented-oriented（i.e.,have a high discount rate）are not willing to sacrifice present consumption without a large increase in future income.Persons who are future-oriented（i.e.,have a high discount rate）are wi