重庆医科大学大学英语本科语法课件优质PPT.ppt

重庆医科大学大学英语本科语法课件优质PPT.ppt

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NounGrammarUnit32010.9NounANOUNisthenameofanything;@#@Asschoolorgarden,hooporswing.Verbstellofsomethingbeingdone;@#@Toread,count,sing,laugh,jump,orrun.thedestructionofthecityanactionthewaytoSanJoseapathwhitenessmovesdownwardaqualitythreemilesalongthepathameasurementinspaceIttakesthreehourstosolvetheproblem.ameasurementintimeTellmetheanswer.“whattheansweris”,aquestionSheisafool.acategoryorkindameetinganeventHefinallykickedthebucket.nomeaningatallDefinitionlAnounisawordusedtonameaperson,animal,place,thing,andabstractidea.e.g.ball,Peter,kitchen,Africa,bike,park,teacher,computer,grass,mother,foot,king,palace,lionlAnounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitsheadword;@#@itbearsthesamegrammaticalfunctionasanoundoes.e.g.Thewomanisaleader.Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisascouttroopleader.ClassificationofnounsAccordingtowordformationSimplenoun:

@#@Anounthatcontainsonlyonefreemorpheme.eg.man,boy,table,snow,faithCompoundnoun:

@#@Anounthatiscomposedoftwoormoremorphemes（mostlyfreemorphemes）eg.armchair,classroomDerivativenoun:

@#@Anounthatcomesfromaverb,anadjectiveorasimplenounwithaffix.eg.arrangement,greatnessAccordingtolexicalmeaningPropernoun:

@#@Ifthenounisthenameofaperson,aplaceoranorganization,itiscalledapropernoun.Thefirstletterinapropernounisalwayscapitalized.（China,Shanghai,UnitedNations,Anderson）Commonnoun:

@#@Acommonnounisanamecommontoaclassofpeople,thingsorabstractideas.Commonnounscanbefurtherclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

@#@individualnouns（map,box,story）collectivenouns（people,family）materialnouns（water,sugar,ice）abstractnouns（honesty,happiness）Accordingtogrammaticalformscountnoun（countablenoun）:

@#@Anounthathasapluralandwhichcancollocatewithnumbersandwithsuchdeterminersasa,many,few,these,those,several,etc（eg.acar,twocars,manycars,severalcars）.Noncountnoun（uncountablenoun）Anounthatcannotgowiththeabove-mentionedwords.（eg.bread,furniture,merchandise）FunctionofnounphrasesThenounphrasecanfunctionasalltheelementsinasentenceexceptthepredicativeverb.Exercise4ANumberlNounsrefertothings,andpeopletendtopointouttheamountofthingsintheEnglishlanguage,thereforetheydistinguishsingularnumberfrompluralnumber.lNumberisagrammaticalcategory,whichdetermineswhetheranounordeterminerissingularorplural.lNotallnounshavethefeatureofnumber.la.IndividualNounsAlltheindividualnounsarecountnouns,havingsingularandpluralforms.Asingularformisthenounsbasicform,anditsnumbershouldberepresentedbyindefinitearticleaorcardinalnumeralone.Apluralfromisformedbyaddinginflectionalaffixes-s,-es,etc.Meanwhile,therearesomeexceptions.regularpluralsirregularpluralsTheformationofpluralslb.CollectiveNounsUsually,collectivenounsrefertopluralmeaning,buttheyareinthesingularforms.Someofcollectivenounscanbecounted,whilesomeofthemcannot.ucollectivenounsaspluralspolice,people,cattle,poultry,verminucollectivenounsasnon-countsequipment,furniture,merchandise,foliage,machineryucollectivenounsasbothsingularsandpluralsaudience,committee,class,family,publicForexample,A.Thatgroupofsoldiersisatop-notchfightingunit.B.Thatgroupofsoldiershavegoodperformance.Somecollectivenounscannotbecounted,andifnecessary,wecanchoosetheindividualnounsinstead.e.g.poetry-poem,machinery-machine,equipment-tool,foliage-leaf,correspondence-letter,police-policeman,clothing-coat,garment,dress,etc.furniture-table,chair,cabinet,wardrobe,etc.c.MaterialNounsMostly,materialnounsappearasnon-countnouns.Sometimes,materialnounsappearasplurals,usedinothersenses.e.g.water-thewatersoftheAmazoncoffee-twocoffeesfoodfoodsd.AbstractNounsMostly,abstractnounscannotbecounted.e.g.Honestyisthebestquality.Sometimes,theycanbecounted.e.g.victory-avictory,twovictoriesconferenceaconference,severalconferencesInsomecases,singularofanabstractnoundiffersfrompluralofthatinmeaning.e.g.Theteachersmettoexchangeexperience.PleasetellmeaboutyourexperiencesinAfrica.Thankyouforyourkindness.Thankyouforyourmanykindnesses.Mostabstractnounscannotbecounted,andifnecessary,wecanchoosetheindividualnounsinstead.e.g.work-job,music-song,homework-exercise,photography-photole.ProperNounsusually,propernounsdonthavepluralsexceptthatitcontainspluralaffixesbyitself.e.g.theUnitedStatesPropernounscanbeusedascommonnouns.e.g.HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns?

@#@TherearetwoMissSmithsintheclass.Exercise4BPartitivesPartitives,alsocalledunitnouns,arecommonlyusedtodenoteapartofawholeorthequantityofanundifferentiatedmass.Bothcountandnoncountnounscanenterpartitiveconstructions.Withpluralcountnouns,partitiveconstructioncandenotetheideaof“agroup”,“apack”,etc.Withnoncountnouns,suchconstructionscanachievecountability.Generalpartitives:

@#@piece,bit,item,etc.e.g.apieceofadvice,bacon,bread,cake,chalk,evidence,furniture,ice,information,meat,music,news,paper,work,sugar,coal,etc.abitofadvice,bread,grass,news,trouble,wood,etc.Shapes:

@#@drop,cake,loaf,lump,etc.e.g.acakeofsoup,abarofchocolate,aloafofbread,agrainofsand,adropofwater,alumpofsugarVolume:

@#@bottle,cup,bucket,handful,etc.e.g.abottleofink,acupoftea,abowlofrice,ahandfulof