Cost Accouning 成本会计 作业课Chapt 16Word格式文档下载.docx

Cost Accouning 成本会计 作业课Chapt 16Word格式文档下载.docx

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ManagingCostsandUncertainty

Questions

1.Thecostcontrolsystemisanintegralpartofthecostmanagementsystem.Thecostcontrolsystemprovidesinformationforplanningpurposesand,subsequently,forevaluationofactualperformance.

2.Withoutfirstestablishingperformancetargetsandbenchmarks,controlsystemscannotfunction.Thepurposeofestablishingcontrolsystemsistoguidetheorganizationtowarditsestablishedobjectives.Accordingly,thecontrolcyclemustbeginwiththeestablishmentofplansthatdefinewheretheorganizationisheadedandwhatitsmanagerswanttoaccomplish.

3.Costcontrolforanyspecificeventisexertedbefore,during,andaftertheevent.Costcontrolisexertedbeforetheeventtodeterminetheexpectedcostandtoprovideaplantoachievetheexpectedcost.Duringanevent,controlisexertedtomaintainthecostbeingincurredattheplannedlevel.Afteranevent,actualperformanceiscomparedtoplannedperformanceandexplanationsofdifferencesaredeveloped.Byunderstandingwhydifferencesexist,managerscantakeactionstominimizefuturedifferencesbetweentheactualandplannedamounts.

4.Factorspotentiallycausingacosttochangeinclude:

（1）changesinactivitylevel;

（2）changeininflation/deflation;

（3）technologychanges;

（4）changesinsupplyanddemand;

（5）quantityofcompetition;

（6）seasonalityandothertimingphenomena;

and

（7）quantitypurchased.

Factors1and5-7aremostsubjecttocostcontainment.Thedifferenceincontrollabilityistheextenttowhichthefactorcanbeinfluencedbyactionsofmanagers.Thefactorsthatareexternaltothefirmarelesssubjecttocontrolthan（e.g.,inflation）internalfactors（e.g.,activitylevels）.

5.Totalfixedcostscanbedichotomizedintotwogroups,committedanddiscretionary.Thecommittedfixedcostsareonesthatarelesssusceptibletocostcontrolefforts,atleastduringtheshortrun.Thesecostsconsistofcostsassociatedwithbasicplantassetsandorganizationalinfrastructure.Discretionaryfixedcostsaremoresusceptibletoshort-runcostcontrolefforts.Discretionaryfixedcostsareincurredasaresultofmanagerialjudgment.Examplesofsuchcostsareresearchanddevelopmentandadvertising.

Costsconsideredascommittedbyonefirmmaybeconsidereddiscretionarybyotherfirms.Forexample,afirmthatcompetesonthebasisofproductscontainingthelatestfunctionalityandtechnologywouldconsiderresearchanddevelopmenttobecommitted.Afirmthatcompetesonthebasisofpricemightconsiderresearchanddevelopmenttobediscretionary.

6.Manytypesofdiscretionarycostsdonothaveoutputsforwhichthereisapreciselyexplainableandpredictabletechnicalrelationshipwithinputs.Whenanoutputmeasureisdevised,itisnormallyavailableonlyinnonmonetary,surrogateterms.

Forsomediscretionarycostssuchasresearchanddevelopment,outputmayresult,ifatall,onlyaftermakinginputsforaperiodofindefiniteduration.Thus,evenwhenoutputsoccur,itisdifficulttorelatethemtoaparticularperiod'

sinput.

7.Efficiencyisameasureofthedegreetowhichtheactualyieldratio（actualoutput÷

actualinput）conformstothedesiredyieldratio（plannedoutput÷

plannedinput）.Effectivenessisameasureofthedegreetowhichagoalorobjectiveisachieved.

Measuringtheefficiencyofadiscretionarycostrequiresbothameasureofinputandameasureofoutput.Efficiencyfurtherrequiresapredictablecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweeninputandoutput.Inputcostsarereadilymeasured.Howeveroutputmeasurementsarenotreadilyavailablenormally.Whentheyarereadilyavailableorwhensurrogatescanbeidentified,thereisstilloftenalackofconfidenceaboutthestrengthofthecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweeninputandoutputformostdiscretionarycosts.

Tomeasureeffectivenessofadiscretionaryactivity,anoutputmeasure,eithermonetaryornonmonetary,mustbeavailableordevised.Sometimesasurrogatemeasureforoutputofanactivitycanbeagreedon.Effectivenessofadiscretionarycostcanthenbemeasuredbycomparingactualoutputtoplannedoutput（i.e.,actualoutput÷

plannedoutput）.

8.Qualitycontrolinspectioncostissometimessusceptibletotreatmentasanengineeredcost.Otherexamplesofactivitiesthatcouldbeengineeredincludemaintenancetasks,machinesetups,andemployeetrainingactivities.

9.Firmsholdcashbalancestoliquidateplannedtransactionsastheyoccur,tocovercashconsequencesofunexpectedevents,andforspeculativepurposes.Somefirmsmustcarryrelativelylargercashbalancesthanotherfirmsbecauseeitherthecashrequiredtomaintaintheliquidityoftheoperatingcycleislesspredictable,ortheabilitytoobtaincashfromfinancingsourcesismoreconstrained.

10.Techno