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itsawholewayofliving.Oneyearpeoplewearsunglassesontopoftheirheadsandwearjeansandboots;
theydrinkwhitewineandeatsushi(寿司)atJapaneserestaurants;
forexercisetheyjogseveralmilesaday.However,thenextyeartheynoticethateverythinghaschanged.Womenwearlongskirts;
peopledrinkexpensivewaterfromFranceandeatpasta(意大利面食)atItalianrestaurants;
everyoneseemstobeexercisingathealthclubs.oTopicsentence(主题句主题句):
Thesedayslifestylesseemtochangefast.nsupportingsentence1(支持句1)nsupportingsentence2(支持句2)nsupportingsentence3(支持句3)nsupportingsentence4(支持句4)ReadthefollowingparagraphoBothanimalsandpeoplerespondpositivelytorewards.Asexperimentshaveshown,ratsinaSkinnerboxwillsystematicallypressalever(操纵杆)inordertoobtainfood.Dogswillperformtricksinresponsetoverbal(口头的)praise.People,likethosewhopracticeandpracticeinordertoreachtheOlympics,alsoworkforrewards.Englishteachersshouldbeawareofthismotivationalprincipleandincorporate(把.纳入)itintotheirteachingmethods.oTopicsentence(主题句主题句):
Bothanimalsandpeoplerespondpositivelytorewards.nsupportingsentence1(支持句1)nsupportingsentence2(支持句2)nsupportingsentence3(支持句3)nconcludingsentence(结尾句结尾句)1.2TheTopicSentenceoThepositionofthetopicsentence:
nmostcommonly:
atthebeginning;
nInmanycases:
attheendnInsomecases:
inthemiddlenSometimes:
notdirectlymentionedbutonlyimpliedwritingthetopicsentenceoThetopicsentence:
thetopic(主题)(主题)andthecontrollingidea(主题思想)(主题思想)Examples1.Collegelife(主题主题)isquitedifferentfrommiddleschoollife(主题思想主题思想).2.Womenaremoresensitive(主题思主题思想想)tochangingfashions(主题主题).3.Peopleinbigcitiesshouldridebicyclesinsteadofcars.4.Itisnoteasytofindtherightkindofoff-campushousing.5.Avisittoaforeigncountryisalwaysfilledwithsurprise.6.Peopletrymanywaystoimprovetheirhealth.Doyouthinkthefollowingareeffectivetopicsentences?
1.Choosingamajorisdifficult.2.Studentsoftenridetoschool.3.Thelocalfoodisterrible.oAgoodtopicsentenceshouldnotbetoogeneral,ortoospecific,ortooemotionalortooabsolute.otheuseofsomekeywordssuchassome,several,differentandvarious.1.Mostsuccessfulmovieshaveafewqualitiesincommon.2.Collegegraduatescanlookforajobinseveraldifferentways.3.Societyistryingmanydifferentapproachestodiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.1.3Featuresofaneffectiveparagraphounified统一的统一的(unity统一性统一性)ocoherent连贯的连贯的(coherence连贯性连贯性)oadequatelydeveloped充分展开的充分展开的(adequatedevelopment充分展开充分展开)1.3.1Unity统一性统一性oUnity:
contentoAllthesentencesarebuiltononecentralidea(thetopicsentence).Readthefollowingparagraph.oBirdshavedifferent-shapedfeettosuittheirwayoflife.Birdsthatperch(栖息)onbrancheshavetoesthatcurl(旋绕)roundthebranchtogiveatightgrip.Thegripissotightthatthebirddoesntfalloff,evenwhenitgoestosleep.Somebirdsfindtheirfoodintheground.Theirshort,blunt(钝的)toesarelikerakes(耙子).Theyscratchthegroundtoturnupinsectsandseeds.Birdssuchasducks,geeseandswanshavefeetlikepaddles(船桨)tohelpthemswiminthewater.Birdsofprey(猛禽),whicheatsmallanimals,havesharp,curvedclaws,whichtheyuseforgrabbingthecreatures.1.3.2CoherenceoCoherence:
formoSentences:
arrangedinaclearlogicalorderoTransition:
smoothandnaturalReadthefollowingparagraph.oNewstudentsshouldgivecarefulconsiderationtothecoursestheywanttotakeintheirfirstsemesteratcollege.Tobeginwith,theyshouldbalancescienceandnon-sciencecoursessothattheydonothavetoomanytime-consuminglabs.Theyshouldalsotrytogetamixturebetweensubjectstheyfindfairlyeasyandthosethataredifficultforthem.Forinstance,thestudentwhodoeswellinhistorybutexpectstohaveaterribletimewithcalculusmightplanontakingbothinthesamesemestertobalancetheworkload.Thestudentwhodoesnotplancarefullyandtakefivetoughcoursesthefirsttermmaywinduponscholasticprobation(试读试读).
(1)Orderingthesentencesinaparagraphotheorderoftimeorthechronologicalorder(时间顺序时间顺序)othespatialorder(空间顺序空间顺序)othelogicalorder(逻辑顺序逻辑顺序):
(exemplification例证例证,cause-and-effect因果因果)thelogicalorder(cause-effect)oRecently,moreandmoremuseumsareopentothepublicfreeofcharge.Somepeopleviewthatthepracticewillbringsomeproblems.First,withanincreasingnumberofvisitors,itispossiblethattheexhibitsinthemuseums,ofwhichsomeareprecious,arelikelytogetdamaged.Second,freeadmissionofthepublicwillbringahugeeconomicburdenformuseums