英语句子成分划分的基本概述附配套练习和答案.docx
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英语句子成分
定义:
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;
主要成分:
主语和谓语
次要成分:
表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语
ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.
主语:
句子的主体
Students studyEnglish.
Smokingisbadforhealth.
Whathehassaidistrue.从句做主语(主语从句)
Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It是形式主语,从句that...tree才是真正主语)(主语从句)
练习:
划出句中主语
Thesunrisesintheeast.
Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.
Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.
Seeingisbelieving.
Toseeistobelieve.
Whatheneedsisabook.
谓语:
动词或者动词词组
1、简单谓语:
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:
Students studyEnglish
2、复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如:
HecanspeakEnglish.Hehascaughtabadcold.
(2)由系动词加表语构成。
如:
Wearestudents.
练习:
选出下列句子中的谓语
I don't like the picture on the wall.
I usually go to school by bus.
Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
What I want to tell you is this.
We had better send for a doctor.
He is interested in music.
HecanspeakEnglishwell.
表语:
系动词后面的成分
名词作表语Iamastudent.Myfatherisateacher.
形容词作表语This table is long.Youlookyoung.It gets cold.It sounds interesting.
副词作表语Everyoneishere.
介词短语作表语Theyareinthepark.
不定式作表语MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.
动名词作表语Herjobistrainingthenurses.
从句作表语(表语从句)Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.
系动词:
(1)状态:
be动词
(2)持续:
表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand.
(3)表像:
表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem,appear,look
(4)感官:
表示“……起来”,有feel(摸起来,感觉),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来,吃起来)等
(5)变化:
表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run
(6)终止:
主要有prove,turnout(结果是,证明是)等.如:
Hisstoryprovedfalse.他讲的情况原来是假的.
Myintuitionturnedouttobecorrect.我的直觉证明是对的.
练习:
划出句中表语
Thespeechisexciting.
Theyseemtoknowthetruth.
Timeisprecious.
I’mtiredtoday.
Thatremainsapuzzle.
Idon’tfeelsad.
That’swhyhecamehere.
宾语:
动作承受者
名/代词作宾语Heneverforgivesothers.Heoftenhelpsme.
不定式作宾语Helikestosleepintheopenair.
动名词作宾语TheAmericansenjoyedlivinginChina.
从句做宾语(宾语从句)Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.
WefounditnecessarytostudyEnglish.(it形式宾语,todo是真正宾语)
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.
Pleasepassmethebook.(me是间接宾语,thebook是直接宾语)
练习:
划出句中宾语
Showyourpassport,please.
Shedidn'tsayanything.
Howmanydoyouwant?
-Iwanttwo.
Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.
Theyaskedtoseemypassport.
Ienjoyworkingwithyou.
Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?
Isucceededinpassingtheexam.
宾语补足语:
有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整,否则就不完整。
宾补主要用来说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足。
Ifoundthebookinteresting.
Imakemystudentsintertestedinmyclass.
Sheaskedmetolendherahand.
Wemadehimmonitorinourclass.
Wefoundhimintroublenow.
WefounditnecessarytostudyEnglish.(it形式宾语,todo是真正宾语necessary是宾补)
练习:
划出句中宾补
She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
He asks her to take the boy out of school.
She find it difficult to do the work.
They call me Lily sometimes.
I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
注:
直接宾语和宾补的区分:
前面宾语和宾补有主谓逻辑关系,而间接宾语和直接宾语没有主谓逻辑关系,例如
1.Wemadehimmonitorinourclass.我们选他做我们班的班长。
(宾语him与monitor是主谓关系Heismonitor他是班长,所以这里monitor是宾补)
2.Heboughthisgirlfriendsomeflowers.他买给他女朋友一些花。
(宾语hisgirlfriend与someflowers没有逻辑关系,不能说“他女朋友是花”所以someflowers是直接宾语)
定语:
用来修饰名词或代词的成分
形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine.
代词作定语What’syourname?
名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers.
介词短语作定语TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.
不定式作短语Ihavelotsofhomeworktodo
从句作定语(定语从句)ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.
练习:
划出句中定语
Heisacleverboy.
Thereare54studentsinourclass.
DoyouknowBetty’ssister?
.
Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.
Hisspokenlanguageisgood.
Thegirlinredishissister.
Wehavealotofworktodo.
Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.
Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?
同位语:
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个成分用来说明或解释另一个成分。
下面例句中黑体和横线部分互为同位语。
其中前项与后项所指内容相同,句法功能(即在句中作主谓宾等成分)也相同,并常常紧挨在一起。
Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.我们有两个孩子,一男一女。
(都在句中作宾语)
Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.我们年轻人应该尊敬老人。
(都在句中作主语)
Theyallwantedtoseehim.他们都想见他. (都在句中作主语)
Let’syouandmegotowork,Oliver.咱们俩去工作吧. (都在句中作主语)
Areyoutwoready?
你们俩准备好了吗?
(都在句中作主语)
Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowisnottrue.
明天放假的消息不确. (都在句中作主语)(同位语从句)
练习:
找出句中互为同位语的成分,并指出它们在句中的句法功能
Mrs.Brown,John'smotherisakindlady.
Wordcamethatherhusbandwaskilledinanaccident.
Iamsorrytohearthenewsthathisgrandfatherisdead.
状语:
按用途可分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
(1).时间状语
Shallwedotheshoppingtoday?
(2