从属结构-Coordination-&-Subordination.ppt
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,Lecture13Coordination&Subordination,Preliminaries:
1.Whysentencebcannotreplacesentencea?
a.MaryispoorbutJohnishappy.b.?
*AlthoughMaryispoor,Johnishappy.2.Whatdocoordinationandsubordinationmeans?
Illustratethetermswithexemplifications.,Lecture13Coordination&Subordination,CoordinationSubordination,Coordination,Acoordinationisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators,e.g.husbandandwife,upanddowngoodbutexpensive,bravebutfoolishstayorleave,tobeornottobeNotes:
Coordinationmaybeondifferentlevelofstructures(words,phrases,orclauses)Coordinatingdevicesmayincludecoordinatorsandpunctuationmarks.,Coordinators,ModernEnglishhasthreebasiccoordinators:
and,or,but.Addedtotheseareyet,so,nor,itemsthatcanfunctionbothasconjunctionsandasconjunctiveadverbs.Inaddition,therearesomecorrelativecoordinatorssemanticallyrelatedtothebasiccoordinatorssuchasbothand,notonlybutalso,notnor,neithernor,eitheror,etc.Therearealsoquasi-coordinatorssuchaswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,etc.rankingbetweenacoordinatorsandasubordinatororcomplexpreposition.Finally,forcanbeaeitherasacoordinatororasasubordinator.Inourcoursebook,foristreatedasasubordinator,introducinganadverbialclauseofcause,likebecause.,Coordinators,Semanticallyconsidered,Englishcoordinatorscanberoughlydividedintothreetypes:
And-groupcoordinatorsadditionOr-groupcoordinatorsalternationBut-groupcoordinatorscontrast/transfer,And-groupcoordinators,Observethefollowingexamplesinvolvingsemanticextensionviacoordinators:
and,bothand,notonly(but)also,notnor,neithernor.Asisreported,atradeagreementwassigned,andaculturalexchangewasarranged.MrsCoxisbothkindandgentletoherpupils.Henotonlywantedthediamondbutwanteditdesperately.JanewillnevercompromisewithBill,norwillBillcompromisewithJane.Hehasneitherphonednorwrittenusrecently.,And-groupcoordinators,But:
Heisniceandgentle.Illgoandbringbackyourboots.Youmusttryandpersuadehertocome.Canyoutouchpitchandnotbedefiled?
nicely/very,goto,tryto,withoutbeingdefiled,And-groupcoordinators,Notethatbesides“addition”,coordinatorandalsocarriessomeothersenses,e.g.HeisJackofalltradesandmasterofnone.Hetookacigaretteandhandedittoastranger.Turnleftatthefirstcrossingandyoullseetheschool.MarylikesmusicandJimisfondofsports.Heisabitbarbaric,andIdontlikethis.,transfer,temporalsequence,condition&result,contrast,Attitudinaldisjunct,Or-groupcoordinators,Thisgroupincludesorandeitheror,denoting“alternation”.Butitisworthnotingthattheycanalsodenotenegativeconditione.g.Makeupyourmind,oryouwillmissthechance.Youlleitherbehaveyourself,oryoullnevergoouttoplay.,*BothJanewantedtogotothesouth,andherhusbandwantedtogothere,too.*Hebothlikemusicandsports.*Henotonlylikesmusicbutalsosports.*Hebothlikesmusicandhelikessports.*Henotonlylikesmusicbuthealsolikesports.,Observetheunacceptablesentencesbelow,transformthemintogrammaticalforms:
But-groupcoordinators,Thisgroupincludesbut,notbut,while,whereas,yet,only,etc.denoting“contrastoraturninmeaning,e.g.Thiscoatisnotminebutyours.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Sheisafunnygirl,yetyoucanthelplikingher.IoftendreamofbuyingabighouseinGuangzhou,onlyIcannotaffordit.,Subordination,Agrammaticalunitthatfunctionsasaconstituentofanotherunitofequalorlowerrankofstructureiscalledasubordinateconstruction.Subordinateconstructioncanbeafiniteclause,anon-finiteclause,averblessclauseoraphrase.Subordinateclausesaregenerallyintroducedbysubordinators,whichintermsofwordformation,canbeclassifiedinto(P346-347):
simplesubordinators(e.g.when,before,thoughetc.)complexsubordinators(e.g.nowthat,suchthatetc.)correlativesubordinators(e.g.nosoonerthan,etc.)marginalsubordinators(e.g.onthegroundsthat),Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.Coordinationandsubordinationaretwodevicesforcombiningandrelatingideas.Generallyspeaking,coordinationestablishesarelationshipbetweenideasofapproximatelyequalimportance,whilesubordinationestablishesakindofrelationshipwhichindicatesthatoneideaismoreimportantthantheother.,Observethepairofsentencesbelow:
Itisageneralpracticetoputthemainideainthematrixclauseandtheminorideainadependentclause.Subordinateideascanbeexpressedthroughfiniteornonfiniteclausesorbyaverblessclause,e.g.Astheywerecuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunity.Beingcuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonsCuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJo