从属结构-Coordination-&-Subordination.ppt

1、,Lecture 13 Coordination&Subordination,Preliminaries:1.Why sentence b cannot replace sentence a?a.Mary is poor but John is happy.b.?*Although Mary is poor,John is happy.2.What do coordination and subordination means?Illustrate the terms with exemplifications.,Lecture 13 Coordination&Subordination,Co

2、ordinationSubordination,Coordination,A coordination is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form,equal in rank of structure,identical in function and are connected by coordinators,e.g.husband and wife,up and downgood but expensive,brave but foolishstay or leave,to

3、 be or not to beNotes:Coordination may be on different level of structures(words,phrases,or clauses)Coordinating devices may include coordinators and punctuation marks.,Coordinators,Modern English has three basic coordinators:and,or,but.Added to these are yet,so,nor,items that can function both as c

4、onjunctions and as conjunctive adverbs.In addition,there are some correlative coordinators semantically related to the basic coordinators such as bothand,not only but also,not nor,neither nor,either or,etc.There are also quasi-coordinators such as well as,as much as,rather than,more than,etc.ranking

5、 between a coordinators and a subordinator or complex preposition.Finally,for can be a either as a coordinator or as a subordinator.In our course book,for is treated as a subordinator,introducing an adverbial clause of cause,like because.,Coordinators,Semantically considered,English coordinators can

6、 be roughly divided into three types:And-group coordinators additionOr-group coordinators alternationBut-group coordinators contrast/transfer,And-group coordinators,Observe the following examples involving semantic extension via coordinators:and,both and,not only(but)also,not nor,neither nor.As is r

7、eported,a trade agreement was signed,and a cultural exchange was arranged.Mrs Cox is both kind and gentle to her pupils.He not only wanted the diamond but wanted it desperately.Jane will never compromise with Bill,nor will Bill compromise with Jane.He has neither phoned nor written us recently.,And-

8、group coordinators,But:He is nice and gentle.Ill go and bring back your boots.You must try and persuade her to come.Can you touch pitch and not be defiled?,nicely/very,go to,try to,without being defiled,And-group coordinators,Note that besides“addition”,coordinator and also carries some other senses

9、,e.g.He is Jack of all trades and master of none.He took a cigarette and handed it to a stranger.Turn left at the first crossing and youll see the school.Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports.He is a bit barbaric,and I dont like this.,transfer,temporal sequence,condition&result,contrast,Attitud

10、inal disjunct,Or-group coordinators,This group includes or and eitheror,denoting“alternation”.But it is worth noting that they can also denote negative condition e.g.Make up your mind,or you will miss the chance.Youll either behave yourself,or youll never go out to play.,*Both Jane wanted to go to t

11、he south,and her husband wanted to go there,too.*He both like music and sports.*He not only likes music but also sports.*He both likes music and he likes sports.*He not only likes music but he also like sports.,Observe the unacceptable sentences below,transform them into grammatical forms:,But-group

12、 coordinators,This group includes but,notbut,while,whereas,yet,only,etc.denoting“contrast or a turn in meaning,e.g.This coat is not mine but yours.It never rains but it pours.She is a funny girl,yet you cant help liking her.I often dream of buying a big house in Guangzhou,only I cannot afford it.,Su

13、bordination,A grammatical unit that functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of structure is called a subordinate construction.Subordinate construction can be a finite clause,a non-finite clause,a verbless clause or a phrase.Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by su

14、bordinators,which in terms of word formation,can be classified into(P346-347):simple subordinators(e.g.when,before,thoughetc.)complex subordinators(e.g.now that,such thatetc.)correlative subordinators(e.g.no sooner than,etc.)marginal subordinators(e.g.on the grounds that),The rain stopped,and the su

15、n came out.When the rain stopped,the sun came out.Coordination and subordination are two devices for combining and relating ideas.Generally speaking,coordination establishes a relationship between ideas of approximately equal importance,while subordination establishes a kind of relationship which in

16、dicates that one idea is more important than the other.,Observe the pair of sentences below:,It is a general practice to put the main idea in the matrix clause and the minor idea in a dependent clause.Subordinate ideas can be expressed through finite or nonfinite clauses or by a verbless clause,e.g.As they were curious about their new neighbors,the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity.Being curious about their new neighbors,the Johnsons Curious about their new neighbors,the Jo