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theformalapproach,thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproach.
TheFormalapproachbasicallyaddressesthestructuralpatternsexhibitedbytheovertaspectoflinguisticforms,largelyabstractedawayfromorregardedasautonomousfromanyassociatedmeaning.
ThePsychologicalapproachlooksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,andattentiontoreasoning.
Theconceptualapproachisconcernedwiththepatternsinwhichandtheprocessesbywhichconceptualcontentisorganizedinlanguage.
Structurewillbeusedtoreferbothtopatternsandtoprocess,theconceptualapproachcanmoresimplybesaidtoaddresshowlanguagestructuresconceptualcontent.
Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;
itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitiesassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.
Sixaspectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:
①Acquisition②Comprehension③Production④Disorders⑤Languageandthought⑥Neurocognition
Languageacquisition:
①Holophrasticstage②Two-wordstage③Stageofthree-wordutterances④Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage
Connectionisminpsycholinguisticsclaimsthatreadersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.
Languagecomprehension:
①wordrecognition②comprehensionofsentences③comprehensionoftext
Cohortmodel:
thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.
Interactivemodelholdsthathigherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.
Theracemodeldoesnotagree“top-down”effects,ithastworoutesthatraceeachother----apre-lexicalroute,whichcomputesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal,andalexicalroute,inwhichthephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisaccessed.
Serialmodelsproposethatthesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowstheconstraintsofalanguage’sgrammarwithremarkablespeed.
Parallelmodelsemphasizethatthecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrangeofinformation,includinggrammatical,lexicalandcontextual,aswellasknowledgeofthespeaker/writerandoftheworldingeneral.
Inresonancemodel,informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.
Languageproduction:
①Accesstowords②Generationofsentences③Writtenlanguageproduction
Functionalplanningprocessassignsgrammaticalfunctionssuchassubject,verbordirectobject.
Positionalencodingusestheretrievedlexicon-grammarunitsandthefunctionstheyhavebeenassignedtogeneratesyntacticstructuresthatcapturethedependenciesamongconstituentsandtheirorder.
Cognitivelinguisticsisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.
Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregationetc.
Construaloperationsaretheunderlyingpsychologicalprocessedandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.
①Attention/Salience②Judgment/Comparison③Perspective/Situatedness
Trajectorreferstoadynamicfigureandlandmarktothegroundofamovingfigure.
Deixisinvolveslinguisticformsthatpointatsomethingfromthespeechsituation.
Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.
Therearethreelevelsincategories:
①thebasiclevel②thesuperordinatelevel③thesubordinatelevel
Thecategoriesatthebasiclevelarethosethataremostculturallysalientandarerequiredtofulfillourcognitiveneedsthebest.
Superordinatecategoriesarethemostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.
Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.①Acenter-peripheryschema:
Itinvolvesaphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore②Acontainmentschema:
Itisanimageschemathatinvolvesaphysicalprmetaphoricalboundary,enclosedareaorvolume,orexcludedareaorvolume.③Acycleschema:
Itinvolvesrepetit