Architecture建筑艺术Word文件下载.docx

Architecture建筑艺术Word文件下载.docx

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Brunelleschi,inthebuildingofthedome,notonlytransformedthecathedralandthecityofFlorence,butalsotheroleandstatusofthearchitect.

Thetermarchitecture（fromGreekwordαρχιτεκτονική,pronouncedarchitektonike）canrefertoaprocess,aprofessionordocumentation.

Asaprocess,architectureistheactivityofdesigningandconstructingbuildingsandotherphysicalstructuresprimarilytoprovideshelter.Awiderdefinitionoftenincludesthedesignofthetotalbuiltenvironment,fromthemacrolevelofhowabuildingintegrateswithitssurroundinglandscape（seetownplanning,urbandesign,andlandscapearchitecture）tothemicrolevelofarchitecturalorconstructiondetailsand,sometimes,furniture.Widerstill,architectureistheactivityofdesigninganykindofsystem.

Asaprofession,architectureistheroleofthosepersonsormachinesprovidingarchitecturalservices.

Asdocumentation,usuallybasedondrawings,architecturedefinesthestructureand/orbehaviorofabuildingoranyotherkindofsystemthatistobeorhasbeenconstructed.

Architectshaveastheirprimaryobjectprovidingforthespatialandshelterneedsofpeopleingroupsofsomekind（families,schools,churches,businesses,etc.）bythecreativeorganisationofmaterialsandcomponentsinaland-orcity-scape,dealingwithmass,space,form,volume,texture,structure,light,shadow,materials,program,andpragmaticelementssuchascost,constructionlimitationsandtechnology,toachieveanendwhichisfunctional,economical,practicalandoftenwithartisticandaestheticaspects.Thisdistinguishesarchitecturefromengineeringdesign,whichhasasitsprimaryobjectthecreativemanipulationofmaterialsandformsusingmathematicalandscientificprinciples.

Separatefromthedesignprocess,architectureisalsoexperienced[1]throughthesenses,whichthereforegivesrisetoaural,[2]visual,olfactory,[3]andtactile[4]architecture.Aspeoplemovethroughaspace,architectureisexperiencedasatimesequence.[5]Eventhoughourcultureconsidersarchitecturetobeavisualexperience,theothersensesplayaroleinhowweexperiencebothnaturalandbuiltenvironments.Attitudestowardsthesensesdependonculture.[6]Thedesignprocessandthesensoryexperienceofaspacearedistinctlyseparateviews,eachwithitsownlanguageandassumptions.

Architecturalworksareperceivedasculturalandpoliticalsymbolsandworksofart.Historicalcivilizationsareoftenknownprimarilythroughtheirarchitecturalachievements.SuchbuildingsasthepyramidsofEgyptandtheRomanColosseumareculturalsymbols,andareanimportantlinkinpublicconsciousness,evenwhenscholarshavediscoveredmuchaboutapastcivilizationthroughothermeans.Cities,regionsandculturescontinuetoidentifythemselveswith（andareknownby）theirarchitecturalmonuments.[7]

Etymologyandapplicationoftheterm

Theword"

architecture"

comesfromtheLatinarchitecturaandthatfromGreekαρχιτέκτων（architectu）,"

masterbuilder"

fromthecombinationofαρχι-（archi-）,"

chief"

or"

leader"

andτέκτων（tekton）,a"

builder"

carpenter"

.[8][9]Whiletheprimaryapplicationoftheword"

pertainstothebuiltenvironment,byextension,thetermhascometodenotetheartanddisciplineofcreatinganactual（orinferringanimpliedorapparent）planofanycomplexobjectorsystem.Thetermcanbeusedtoconnotetheimpliedarchitectureofmathematicsorofabstractthingssuchasmusic,theapparentarchitectureofnaturalthings,suchasgeologicalformationsorthestructureofbiologicalcells,orexplicitlyplannedarchitecturesofwhichpreservestherelationshipsamongtheelementsorcomponents.

TheoryofArchitecture

Mainarticle:

Architecturaltheory

Historictreatises

ArchitecturaldrawingsofdetailsofthePalaceofPersepolis,Persia

TheearliestwrittenworkonthesubjectofarchitectureisDearchitectura,bytheRomanarchitectVitruviusintheearly1stcenturyCE.[10]AccordingtoVitruvius,agoodbuildingshouldsatisfythethreeprinciplesoffirmitatisutilitatisvenustatis,[11][12]whichtranslatesroughlyas-

∙Durability-itshouldstanduprobustlyandremainingoodcondition.

∙Utility-itshouldbeusefulandfunctionwellforthepeopleusingit.

∙Beauty-itshoulddelightpeopleandraisetheirspirits.

AccordingtoVitruvius,thearchitectshouldstrivetofulfilleachofthesethreeattributesaswellaspossible.

TheParthenon,Athens,"

thesupremeexampleamongarchitecturalsites."

（Fletcher）.[13]

LeoneBattistaAlberti,whoelaboratesontheideasofVitruviusinhistreatise,DeReAedificatoria,sawbeautyprimarilyasamatterofproportion,althoughornamentalsoplayedapart.ForAlberti,therulesofproportionwereth