Architecture建筑艺术Word文件下载.docx

1、Brunelleschi, in the building of the dome, not only transformed the cathedral and the city of Florence, but also the role and status of the architect.The term architecture （from Greek word ,pronounced architektonike） can refer to a process, a profession or documentation.As a process, architecture is

2、 the activity of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures primarily to provide shelter. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding landscape （see town planning, urban de

3、sign, and landscape architecture） to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture. Wider still, architecture is the activity of designing any kind of system.As a profession, architecture is the role of those persons or machines providing architectural services.A

4、s documentation, usually based on drawings, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.Architects have as their primary object providing for the spatial and shelter needs of people in groups of some kind （familie

5、s, schools, churches, businesses, etc.） by the creative organisation of materials and components in a land- or city-scape, dealing with mass, space, form, volume, texture, structure, light, shadow, materials, program, and pragmatic elements such as cost, construction limitations and technology, to a

6、chieve an end which is functional, economical, practical and often with artistic and aesthetic aspects. This distinguishes architecture from engineering design, which has as its primary object the creative manipulation of materials and forms using mathematical and scientific principles.Separate from

7、 the design process, architecture is also experienced1 through the senses, which therefore gives rise to aural,2 visual, olfactory,3 and tactile4 architecture. As people move through a space, architecture is experienced as a time sequence.5 Even though our culture considers architecture to be a visu

8、al experience, the other senses play a role in how we experience both natural and built environments. Attitudes towards the senses depend on culture.6 The design process and the sensory experience of a space are distinctly separate views, each with its own language and assumptions.Architectural work

9、s are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations are often known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are an important link in public consciousness, ev

10、en when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization through other means. Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify themselves with （and are known by） their architectural monuments.7Etymology and application of the termThe word architecture comes from the Latin architectura and th

11、at from Greek （architectu）, master builder, from the combination of - （archi-）, chief or leader and （tekton）, a buildercarpenter.89 While the primary application of the word pertains to the built environment, by extension, the term has come to denote the art and discipline of creating an actual （or

12、inferring an implied or apparent） plan of any complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of mathematics or of abstract things such as music, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or exp

13、licitly planned architectures of which preserves the relationships among the elements or components.Theory of ArchitectureMain article: Architectural theoryHistoric treatisesArchitectural drawings of details of the Palace of Persepolis,PersiaThe earliest written work on the subject of architecture i

14、s De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century CE.10 According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitatis utilitatis venustatis,1112 which translates roughly as - Durability - it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.

15、 Utility - it should be useful and function well for the people using it. Beauty - it should delight people and raise their spirits. According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.The Parthenon, Athens, the supreme example among architectural sites. （Fletcher）.13Leone Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were th