《英语语言学》复习重点Word文件下载.docx

《英语语言学》复习重点Word文件下载.docx

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Thedefinitionofthesedesignfeatures:

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,anddisplacement

●Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,etc..

●ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds,evenwithonomatopoeicwords

●Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

●CreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.

●Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.

1）.Referentialfunction所指功能2）.Poeticfunction诗学功能3）.Emotivefunction感情功能

4）.Conativefunction意动功能5）.Phaticfunction交感功能6）.Metalingual元语言功能

HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.

1）.Informativefunction信息功能2）.Interpersonalfunction人际功能3）.Performativefunction施为功能4）.Emotivefunction感情功能5）.Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6）.Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7）.Metalingualfunction元语言功能

4.Thedefinitionsofimportantdistinctionsinlingustics:

Whodistinguishedthem?

descriptiveVS.presriptive;

Descriptive（描写式）:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.　

eg:

Americandon’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”

Prescriptive（规定式）:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

Don’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”

synchronicVS.diachronic;

Synchronicstudy（共时性）---descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime

Diachronicstudy（历时性）---descriptionofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

langue&

parole;

Langue:

（说话者的语言能力.）thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

Parole:

（语言的实际现象或语料.）theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

competenceandperformance.

Competence:

（一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解.）alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

Performance:

（指在具体场景中语言的真实使用.）theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.

Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker'

sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence.

5.WhatisthemajordifferencesbetweenSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

①Saussure'

slanguageissocialproduct,asetofconversationsforaspeechcommunity.②Chomskyregardscompetenceaspropertyofthemindofeachindividual.③SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.

Chapter2Speechsounds

Phonetics

4.BasicinformationabouttheIPA

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（OttoJespersonFrance）IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.

Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996and2005.

5.Threeparameterstoidentifyaconsonant:

①placeofarticulation:

placeinthemouthwhereobstructionoccurs

②mannersofarticulation:

waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished

③state