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托福TPO阅读48文本
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ChinesePopulationGrowth
Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied(indeedfacilitated)byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.
ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties(theseventeenthcentury)mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:
somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.
ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.TherewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou(southernChina)andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.
Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebyasteadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimesbetween1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.Thisincreaseoffoodsupplywasdue
perhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigrationandsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreaterproductivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.
Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:
onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping(theproductionoftwoharvestsperyearfromonefield).Newcropssuchascorn(maize)andsweetpotatoesaswellaspeanutsandtobaccowereintroducedfromtheAmericas.Corn,forinstance,canbegrownonthedrysoilandmarginalhilllandofNorthChina,whereitisusedforfood,fuel,andfodderandprovidessomethinglikeone-seventhofthefoodenergyavailableinthearea.Thesweetpotato,growinginsandysoilandprovidingmorefoodenergyperunitoflandthanothercrops,becamethemainfoodofthepoorinmuchoftheSouthChinaricearea.
Productivityinagriculturewasalsoimprovedbycapitalinvestments,firstofallinirrigation.From1400to1900thetotalofirrigatedlandseemstohaveincreasedalmostthreetimes.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draftanimals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,whichincreasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratioofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Thustherisingpopulationwasfedbyamoreintensiveagriculture,applyingmorelaborandfertilizertotheland.
Paragraph1
Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied(indeedfacilitated)byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.
1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Commerce,industrialization,anddevelopmentarecommonfeaturesoftheWestern
experience.
B.Trade,industrialization,anddevelopmentacceleratedsocialchangeinWesternsocieties.
C.TradeandindustrializationbroughtaboutdevelopmentinWesternsocieties.
D.InWesternsocieties,socialchangeprovidedtheconditionsfordevelopmentinanumberofareas.
2.Theword“attributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.accustomed
B.credited
C.exposed
D.transformed
Paragraph1andParagraph2
Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied(indeedfacilitated)byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.
ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties(theseventeenthcentury)mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:
somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.
3.Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingistrueofChinesepopulationgrowthbetween1741and1851?
A.ItcoincidedwiththebeginningofindustrializationinChina.
B.ItpromptedspeculationabouttheactualnumberofpeoplelivinginChinainpreviouscenturies.
C.Itcontinuedthesteadygrowthinpopulationofpreviouscenturies.
D.Itoccurredintheabsenceofcertainconditionsgenerallyassociatedwithpopulationgrowth.
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,theestimatedpopulationofChinainthemid1700swas?
A.143million
B.150million
C.400million
D.432million
Paragraph3
ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.TherewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou(southernChina)andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.
5.Theword“constant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.unique
B.dominant
C.altered
D.unchanging
6.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingstatementsabouteighteenth-centuryChinesesocietyEXCEPT:
A.Itwastroubledbyfrequentconflictswithforeignnations.
B.Itimproveditstransportationsystem.
C.Itexperiencedgrowthininternationalcommerce.
D.Itmanagedtopreventthespreadofcertaindiseases.
Paragraph4
Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebyasteadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimesbetween1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.Thisincreaseoffoodsupplywasdueperhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigrationandsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreaterproductivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.
7.Paragraph4answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965?
A.WhichfiguresrelatingtoChina’spopulationgrowthwereunreliable?
B.WhydidDwightPerkinsassumethatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million?
C.WhereinChinadidmostofthepopulationincreasetakeplace?
D.WhatfactorsmadeChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965possible?
8.Theword“aggregate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.available
B.reliable
C.combined
D.recorded
Paragraph5
Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:
onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping(theproduction