学年市北实验理科班高三上英语开学考Word下载.docx

学年市北实验理科班高三上英语开学考Word下载.docx

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TheNobelPrizeinChemistry2018

Sincethefirstseedsoflifearosearound3.7billionyearsago,almosteverycrevice（裂缝）onEarthhasfilledwithdifferentorganisms.Life__1__（spread）tohotsprings,deepoceansanddrydeserts,allbecauseevolutionhassolved__2__numberofchemicalproblem.Life’schemicaltools-proteins--havebeenoptimized,changedandrenewed,__3__（create）incrediblediversity.

Thisyear’sNobelLaureatesinChemistryhavebeeninspiredbythepowerofevolutionandusedthesameprinciplesgeneticchangeandselectiontodevelopproteinsthatsolvemankind’schemicalproblems.

Onehalfofthisyear’sNobelPrizeinChemistry__4__（award）toFrancesH.Arnold.In1993,sheconductedthefirstdirectedevolutionofenzymes（酶）,__5__areproteinsthatcatalyzechemicalreactions.Sincethen,shehasrefinedthemethodsthatarenowroutinelyusedtodevelopnewcatalysts.TheusesofFrancesArnold’senzymesincludemoreenvironmentallyfriendlymanufacturingofchemicalsubstances,suchaspharmaceuticals,andtheproductionofrenewablefuelsforagreenertransportsector.The__6__halfofthisyear’sNobelPrizeinChemistryissharedbyGeorgeP.SmithandSirGregoryP.Winter.In1985,GeorgeSmithdevelopedanelegantmethod__7__（know）asphagedisplay,whereabacteriophage（噬菌体）--avirusthatinfectsbacteriacanbeused__8__（evolve）newproteins.GregoryWinterusedphagedisplayforthedirectedevolutionofantibodies,__9__theaimofproducingnewpharmaceuticals.Thefirstonebasedonthismethod,adalimumab,wasapprovedin2002andisusedforrheumatoidarthritis,psoriasisandinflammatoryboweldiseases.Sincethen,phagedisplayhasproducedantibodiesthatcanneutralizetoxins,counteractautoimmunediseasesandcuremetastaticcancer.

Weareintheearlydaysofdirectedevolution’srevolutionwhich,inmanydifferentways,isbringingandwillbring__10__（great）benefittohumankind.

（B）

NeverUnderestimatethePowerofaGoodHug

Itmightcomefromyoursignificantother,yourkidorafriend.Butgettingahugattheendofatryingdayreallycanmakethingsalotbetter.

Anewstudyfindsthatasimplecomfortingembracecaneasestressandnegativechangesinmoodaftersocialconflict.Thecommongestureseems__1__（increase）positiveemotionsandreducenegativefeelingsondays__2__peoplehaveproblemswiththeirrelationships.Forthestudy,publishedinthejournalPLOSONE,researchersinterviewedmorethan400adultseverynightfortwoweeks.They__3__（ask）abouttheirsocialactivitiesthatday,theirmoodsandwhethertheyreceivedahug,amongotherquestions.

Resultsindicatedthattherewasaninteraction__4__hugreceiptandconflictexposuresuchthat__5__（receive）ahugwasassociatedwithasmallerconflict-relateddecreaseinpositiveaffectanda__6__（small）conflict-relatedincreaseinnegativeaffectwhen__7__（assess）concurrently,“accordingtothestudy.

Basically,hugsmadepeoplefeelbetter.

Theresearchersfoundthatwastrueregardlessofgender,age,race,maritalstatus,numberofsocialinteractionsandoverallmood.“Averysimple,straightforwardbehavior---huggingmightbeaneffectivewayofsupportingbothmenandwomenwhoareexperiencingconflictin__8__relationships,“co-authorMichaelMurphy,apost-doctoralresearcherinCarnegieMellonUniversity’sLaboratoryfortheStudyofStress,ImmunityandDisease,tellsTime.Theresearcherssaythey’dliketocontinuetheirworktodetermine__9__itmakesadifferencewhogivesthehugorwhenit’sgiveninrelationtothesocialconflict.Butakeytakeawayis__10__aconsensualhugcandoalotofgood.“Thisresearchisinitsearlystages,“Murphyadds.”Westillhavequestionsaboutwhen,how,andforwhomhugsaremosthelpful.However,ourstudysuggeststhatconsensualhugsmightbeusefulforshowingsupporttosomebodyenduringrelationshipconflict.”

Ⅱ.Vocabulary

A.componentsB.criticalC.functionsD.deliveredE.initiate

F.exposedG.collaborationH.involvingI.conclusionJ.endurance

K.evolution

PhosphatesCouldHaveOriginatedinDeepSpace

Researchershavefoundnewevidencetosuggestthatkeyingredientsforlifeweregeneratedinouterspaceand__1__toearthbymeteoritesorcometsinthefirstbillionyearsofourplanet’shistory.Theseingredients--knownasphosphates（磷酸盐）--areessential__2__ofalllivingcells.Derivativesoftheelementphosphorus,theyarethemainconstituentsofchromosomes（同源染色体）---thecarriersofgeneticinformationinwhichDNAisfound-andplaya（n）__3__roleinprovidingtheenergythatcellsneedtocarryouttheirbasic__4__.

Butdespitetheirimportancetolife,scientistsarenotsurewhereEarthsfirstorganismsgottheirphosphatesfrom.Onehypothesisisthatthecompoundscamefromouterspac