复旦R语言PPT课件.ppt

复旦R语言PPT课件.ppt

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R:

Statistics?

Programme?

andWhoareYou?

-AnABCintroductiontoR,PresentedbyGuohuiDingR&D,SIBS,CAS,ForFudanUniversity,MainTopicsToday,WhatisR?

HowtoadministrateR?

HowdoesRwork?

HowtoapplyRforstatisticalproblem?

HowtoprogramyourRfunction?

WhatisR?

AbriefhistoryofR,ThelegendofR,Rstartedintheearly1990sasaprojectbyRossIhakaandRobertGentlemanattheUniversityofAuckland,NewZealand,intendedtoprovideastatisticalenvironmentintheirteachinglab.ThelabhadMacintoshcomputers,forwhichnosuitablecommercialenvironmentwasavailable.,RobertGentleman,RossIhaka,RsParents

（1）,TheSlanguageS:

aninteractiveenvironmentfordataanalysisdevelopedatBellLaboratoriessince1976ExclusivelylicensedbyAT&T/LucenttoInsightfulCorporation,SeattleWA.Productname:

“S-plus”.,Youcanlearnmorefrom:

http:

/cm.bell-,MyfatherisS,motherisScheme,butwhymynameis“R”?

TheSchemelanguageSchemeisastaticallyscopedandproperlytail-recursivedialectoftheLispprogramminglanguageinventedbyGuyLewisSteeleJr.andGeraldJaySussman.Learnmore:

http:

/swiss.csail.mit.edu/projects/scheme/Schemesunderlyingsemantics+Ssyntax=R,RsParents

（2）,“WehavenamedourlanguageRinparttoacknowledgetheinfluenceofSandinparttocelebrateourownefforts.”-R.IhakaR.Gentleman,RNow,Sincemid-1997therehasbeenacoregroupwhocanmodifytheRsourcecodeCVSarchive.TheRpackagesystemCRAN（theComprehensiveRArchiveNetwork）,http:

/www.r-project.org,ThecharactersofR,Ris“GNUS”Alanguageandenvironmentfordatamanipula-tion,calculationandgraphicaldisplay.ThatisRisaFreeSoftware（orOpensourcesoftware）.（Here,Freereferstofreedom,notprice,althoughRisfreeinthatsenseaswell.）ThecoreofRisaninterpretedcomputerlanguage.Amosaicofprocedure-basedprogrammingandobject-orientedprogrammingGoodinterfacetoprocedureswritteninC,C+,FORTRANandotherlanguagesAflexibledataexchangemechanismaccessingrelationaldatabases-ODBC,PostgreSQL,MySQLandsoon.,小偷与强盗的谈判,RandStatistics,Mostpackagesdealwithstatisticsanddataanalysis.Powerfulstatisticalgraphics.Wellcrosstalkingwithotherstatisticalsoftwares.MostRuserarestatisticalexperts.Youcanlearnmoremodernanalysismethodfromtheybyemail.Youcandoitwhenyoucomeacrossathingnobodydoitbefore.,InstallandadministrateR,FocusonWindows（MS）,HowdoIgetR?

Theinformationalwebsitehttp:

/www.r-project.org/CRAN-theComprehensiveRArchiveNetwork.Theprimarysiteishttp:

/cran.r-project.org/.Mirrorsitesareavailableformanycountries.CRANsiteshavebinarydistributionsforWindows95,98,ME,NT4,2000andXPonIntel,fortheMacintosh（System8.6to9.1andMacOSX）,andforseveralLinuxdistributions.Newreleasesoccurfrequentlyaboutevery3months.Bepreparedtore-installfrequently.Alsoyoucangetitfromyourfriends,teachers,etc.,Downit!

Itisabout20.6Minsize.,UsingPrecompiledBinaryDistributions,InstallingR,Doubleclick“rw1091.exe”usingyourmouse.ThatisOK.YoucaninstallitasallotherstandardMSsoftwares.,RConsole/RGuiinWindows（MS）,Commandbox,Graphicsbox,Menu,Icons,SeveralconceptsinAdministratingR,Workspacexxx.RDataHistoryxxx.RhistoryPackageObjectSessionConsole,RunyourRcodes,Load/saveworkspace,Load/saveHistory,Changeyourworkingdirectory,Addanewpackage,Commands:

library（）addapackageinthelibrarydetach（package:

xxx）detachapackageAllcandointheGUI（exceptdetach（）,Loadalocalpackage,Installpackagesfrominternetorlocal,Updatethelocalpackagefrominternet,PackagesinREnvironment,Basicpackagespackage:

methodspackage:

statspackage:

graphics“package:

utilspackage:

baseRecommandedpackagesgrid;lattice;e1071Contributedpackages（morethan366packagesnowadays）,Youcanseewhatpackagesloadednowbythecommandsearch（）.,Dontloseyourway!

Threeusefulsystemcommandgetwd（）GetWorkingDirectorysetwd（）SetWorkingDirectorylist.files（）ListtheFilesinaDirectory/Folder,ShowtheDemonstrationsofthePackages/Functions,Commandsdemo（）DemonstrationsofRFunctionalityexample（）RunanExamplesSectionfromtheOnlineHelp,GettingHelps,Severalcommandshelp.start（）help（）or?

（）help.search（）apropos（）InternetsearchingIlikeitverymuch.Itseemsomnipotence.,QuitR,Commandq（）TerminateanRSession,HowdoesRwork?

BasicRStructureanddatamanipulation,BasicRworkingflow（Objectorientation）,package,-RforBeginners.EmmanuelParadis,Objectorientation,Object:

acollectionofatomicvariablesand/orotherobjectsthatbelongtogetherParlance:

class:

the“abstract”definitionofitobject:

aconcreteinstancemethod:

otherwordforfunctionslot:

acomponentofanobject,TypesofDatainR,Thebasicdataobjectisavectorofelementsoftype:

numericnumbers-eitherfloatingpointorintegercharactereachelementisacharacterstringlogicaleachelementisTRUEorFALSElistelementscanbeanytypeofobject,includingotherlistsCom