语言学作业Word格式.docx

语言学作业Word格式.docx

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（1）phonetics:

itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;

（2）phonology:

itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;

（3）morphology:

itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;

（4）syntax:

itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;

（5）semantics:

itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;

（6）pragmatics:

itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.

7.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?

Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.

Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.

Fourth,languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess.

8.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?

Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:

1）Arbitrariness

Languageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

2）Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

3）Duality

Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.

4）Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.

5）Culturaltransmission

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.

8.WhatisaphoneHowisitdifferentfromaphonemeHowareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme

Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample,thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark[],clear[l],etc.whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/.

4.Theitalicizedpartineachofthefollowingsentencesisaninflectionalmorpheme.Studyeachinflectionalmorphemecarefullyandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.

Suemovesinhigh-societycirclesinLondon.

AtrafficwardenaskedJohntomovehiscar.

TheclubhasmovedtoFriday,February22nd.

Thebranchesofthetreesaremovingbackandforth.

（1）thethirdpersonsingular

（2）thepasttense

（3）thepresentperfect

（4）thepresentprogressive

4.HowcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassifiedTowhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong

north/southvacant/occupiedliterate/illiterateabove/below

doctor/patientwide/narrowpoor/richfather/daughter

Theycanbegradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposite

Gradableantonyms:

literate/illiteratewide/narrowpoor/rich

Complementaryantonyms:

vacant/occupied

Relationalopposite:

north/south,doctor/patient,father/daughter,above/below

5.Identifytherelationsbetweenthefollowingpairsofsentences:

Tom'

swifeispregnant.Mysisterwillsoonbedivorced'

Tomhasawife.Mysisterisamarriedwoman.

Helikesseafood,Theyaregoingtohaveanotherbaby.

Helikescrabs.Theyhaveachild.

“Tom'

swifeispregnant”presupposes“Tomhasawife.”

“Mysisterwillsoonbedivorced”presupposes“Mysisterisamarriedwoman.”

“Helikesseafood”isentailedby“Helikescrabs.”

“Theyaregoingtohave