语言学作业Word格式.docx

1、 （1） phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; （2） phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; （3） morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; （4） s

2、yntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; （5） semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; （6） pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.7. What characteristics of language do you think sho

3、uld be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.

4、 Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show th

5、at it is essentially different from animal communication system?The main features of human language are termed design features. They include: 1） Arbitrariness Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different

6、sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. 2） Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, inclu

7、ding sentences they have never heard before. 3） Duality Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unit

8、s of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. 4） Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts remove

9、d from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means. 5） Cultural transmission While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but inst

10、ead have to be taught and learned. 8. What is a phone How is it different from a phoneme How are allophones related to a phoneme A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rat

11、her it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark , clear l, etc. which a

12、re allophones of the phoneme /l/.4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning. Sue moves in high-society circles in London. A traffic warden asked John to move his car. The club

13、 has moved to Friday, February 22nd. The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.（1） the third person singular（2） the past tense（3） the present perfect（4） the present progressive4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms

14、belongnorth/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/belowdoctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughterThey can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposite Gradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/rich Complementary antonyms: vacant/occupied Rel

15、ational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences: Toms wife is pregnant. My sister will soon be divorced Tom has a wife. My sister is a married woman. He likes seafood, They are going to have another baby.He likes crabs. They have a child. “Toms wife is pregnant” presupposes “Tom has a wife.” “My sister will soon be divorced” presupposes “My sister is a married woman.” “He likes seafood” is entailed by “He likes crabs.” “They are going to have