高考英语定语从句用法讲解及专练.doc
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高考英语定语从句用法讲解及专练
一.定义:
1.定语从句:
修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;
关系副词有where,when,why等。
关系词常有3个作用:
1,引导定语从句。
2,代替先行词。
3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3结构:
先行词+关系词+从句
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.
(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用限定词名词+ofwhich或ofwhich+限定词名词结构来代替
(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.
(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
注意:
1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等
(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)
(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that,不可以省略;指物时用which,不能用that,不可以省略;关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)
(2)Themanwithwho/thatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)
(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)
(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词
(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someof whichhavegonebad.
(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
4.限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是some(something除外),anything,everything,nothing,/few,little,/all,none,等代词时,或者是由some,any,every,no,/few,little,/all,much/thevery,theonly,oneof等修饰时
(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
(5)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(6)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
(7)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰或本身是序数词
(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰或本身是形容词最高级
(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4. 当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
5.当先行词既有人,也有物时
(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
6. 在Therebe句型中
7.先行词在主句中做表语,或关系代词在从句中做表语。
经典习题:
1.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheotherday?
A.that B.where C.inwhich D.theone
2.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?
A.that B.where C.which D.theone
3.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?
A.that B.where C.which D.theone
四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
(2)Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.区别:
1)形式:
非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号,而限制性定语从句与先行词之间则无逗号。
TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.
China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.
2)关系:
限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分;而非限制性定语从句在意义上只是先行词的一个附加修饰语,对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用。
3)先行词:
限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词