世界名著英文版TXT格式ONINTERPRETATIONWord文档下载推荐.docx

世界名著英文版TXT格式ONINTERPRETATIONWord文档下载推荐.docx

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and'

verb'

thentheterms'

denial'

affirmation'

then'

proposition'

sentence.'

Spokenwordsarethesymbolsofmentalexperienceandwrittenwordsarethesymbolsofspokenwords.Justasallmenhavenotthesamewriting,soallmenhavenotthesamespeechsounds,butthementalexperiences,whichthesedirectlysymbolize,arethesameforall,asalsoarethosethingsofwhichourexperiencesaretheimages.Thismatterhas,however,beendiscussedinmytreatiseaboutthesoul,foritbelongstoaninvestigationdistinctfromthatwhichliesbeforeus.Asthereareinthemindthoughtswhichdonotinvolvetruthorfalsity,andalsothosewhichmustbeeithertrueorfalse,soitisinspeech.Fortruthandfalsityimplycombinationandseparation.Nounsandverbs,providednothingisadded,arelikethoughtswithoutcombinationorseparation;

'

man'

white'

asisolatedterms,arenotyeteithertrueorfalse.Inproofofthis,considertheword'

goat-stag.'

Ithassignificance,butthereisnotruthorfalsityaboutit,unless'

is'

or'

isnot'

isadded,eitherinthepresentorinsomeothertense.

2

Byanounwemeanasoundsignificantbyconvention,whichhasnoreferencetotime,andofwhichnopartissignificantapartfromtherest.Inthenoun'

Fairsteed,'

thepart'

steed'

hasnosignificanceinandbyitself,asinthephrase'

fairsteed.'

Yetthereisadifferencebetweensimpleandcompositenouns;

forintheformerthepartisinnowaysignificant,inthelatteritcontributestothemeaningofthewhole,althoughithasnotanindependentmeaning.Thusintheword'

pirate-boat'

theword'

boat'

hasnomeaningexceptaspartofthewholeword.Thelimitation'

byconvention'

wasintroducedbecausenothingisbynatureanounorname-itisonlysowhenitbecomesasymbol;

inarticulatesounds,suchasthosewhichbrutesproduce,aresignificant,yetnoneoftheseconstitutesanoun.Theexpression'

not-man'

isnotanoun.Thereisindeednorecognizedtermbywhichwemaydenotesuchanexpression,foritisnotasentenceoradenial.Letitthenbecalledanindefinitenoun.Theexpressions'

ofPhilo'

'

toPhilo'

andsoon,constitutenotnouns,butcasesofanoun.Thedefinitionofthesecasesofanounisinotherrespectsthesameasthatofthenounproper,but,whencoupledwith'

was'

orwillbe'

theydonot,astheyare,formapropositioneithertrueorfalse,andthisthenounproperalwaysdoes,undertheseconditions.Takethewords'

ofPhilois'

ofor'

ofPhiloisnot'

;

thesewordsdonot,astheystand,formeitheratrueorafalseproposition.

3

Averbisthatwhich,inadditiontoitspropermeaning,carrieswithitthenotionoftime.Nopartofithasanyindependentmeaning,anditisasignofsomethingsaidofsomethingelse.IwillexplainwhatImeanbysayingthatitcarrieswithitthenotionoftime.'

Health'

isanoun,but'

ishealthy'

isaverb;

forbesidesitspropermeaningitindicatesthepresentexistenceofthestateinquestion.Moreover,averbisalwaysasignofsomethingsaidofsomethingelse,i.e.ofsomethingeitherpredicableoforpresentinsomeotherthing.Suchexpressionsas'

isnot-healthy'

isnot,ill'

Idonotdescribeasverbs;

forthoughtheycarrytheadditionalnoteoftime,andalwaysformapredicate,thereisnospecifiednameforthisvariety;

butletthembecalledindefiniteverbs,sincetheyapplyequallywelltothatwhichexistsandtothatwhichdoesnot.Similarly'

hewashealthy'

hewillbehealthy'

arenotverbs,buttensesofaverb;

thedifferenceliesinthefactthattheverbindicatespresenttime,whilethetensesoftheverbindicatethosetimeswhichlieoutsidethepresent.Verbsinandbythemselvesaresubstantivalandhavesignificance,forhewhousessuchexpressionsarreststhehearer'

smind,andfixeshisattention;

buttheydonot,astheystand,expressanyjudgement,eitherpositiveornegative.Forneitherare'

tobe'

nottobe'

theparticiple'

being'

significantofanyfact,unlesssomethingisadded;

fortheydonotthemselvesindicateanything,butimplyacopulation,ofwhichwecannotformaconceptionapartfromthethingscoupled.

4

Asentenceisasignificantportionofspeech,somepartsofwhichhaveanindependentmeaning,thatistosay,asanutterance,thoughnotastheexpressionofanypositivejudgement.Letmeexplain.Theword'

human'

hasmeaning,butdoesnotconstituteaproposition,eitherpositiveornegative.Itisonlywhenotherwordsareaddedthatthewholewillformanaffirmationordenial.Butifweseparateonesyllableoftheword'

fromtheother,ithasnomeaning;

similarlyintheword'

mouse'

thepart'

ouse'

hasnomeaninginitself,