impacts of tourism on the environment汇总.docx

impacts of tourism on the environment汇总.docx

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impactsoftourismontheenvironment汇总

1Thequalityoftheenvironment,bothnaturalandman-made,isessentialtotourism.However,tourism'srelationshipwiththeenvironmentiscomplex.Itinvolvesmanyactivitiesthatcanhaveadverseenvironmentaleffects.Manyoftheseimpactsarelinkedwiththeconstructionofgeneralinfrastructuresuchasroadsandairports,andoftourismfacilities,includingresorts,hotels,restaurants,shops,golfcoursesandmarinas.Thenegativeimpactsoftourismdevelopmentcangraduallydestroytheenvironmentalresourcesonwhichitdepends.

2Negativeimpactsfromtourismoccurwhenthelevelofvisitoruseisgreaterthantheenvironment'sabilitytocopewiththisusewithintheacceptablelimitsofchange.Uncontrolledconventionaltourismposespotentialthreatstomanynaturalareasaroundtheworld.Itcanputenormouspressureonanareaandleadtoimpactssuchassoilerosion,increasedpollution,dischargesintothesea,naturalhabitatloss,increasedpressureonendangeredspeciesandheightenedvulnerabilitytoforestfires.Itoftenputsastrainonwaterresources,anditcanforcelocalpopulationstocompetefortheuseofcriticalresources.Tourismdevelopmentcanputpressureonnaturalresourceswhenitincreasesconsumptioninareaswhereresourcesarealreadyscarce.

3Water,andespeciallyfreshwater,isoneofthemostcriticalnaturalresources.Thetourismindustrygenerallyoveruseswaterresourcesforhotels,swimmingpools,golfcoursesandpersonaluseofwaterbytourists.Thiscanresultinwatershortagesanddegradationofwatersupplies,aswellasgeneratingagreatervolumeofwastewater.IndryerregionsliketheMediterranean,theissueofwaterscarcityisofparticularconcern.Becauseofthehotclimateandthetendencyoftouriststoconsumemorewaterwhenonholidaythantheydoathome,theamountusedcanrunupto440litersaday.ThisisalmostdoublewhattheinhabitantsofanaverageSpanishcityuse.

4Golfcoursemaintenancecanalsodepletefreshwaterresources.Inrecentyearsgolftourismhasincreasedinpopularityandthenumberofgolfcourseshasgrownrapidly.Golfcoursesrequireanenormousamountofwatereverydayand,aswithothercausesofexcessiveextractionofwater,thiscanresultinwaterscarcity.Ifthewatercomesfromwells,overpumpingcancausesalineintrusionintogroundwater.Golfresortsaremoreandmoreoftensituatedinornearprotectedareasorareaswhereresourcesarelimited,exacerbatingtheirimpacts.

5Tourismcancreategreatpressureonlocalresourceslikeenergy,food,andotherrawmaterialsthatmayalreadybeinshortsupply.Greaterextractionandtransportoftheseresourcesexacerbatesthephysicalimpactsassociatedwiththeirexploitation.Becauseoftheseasonalcharacteroftheindustry,manydestinationshavetentimesmoreinhabitantsinthehighseasonasinthelowseason.Ahighdemandisplacedupontheseresourcestomeetthehighexpectationstouristsoftenhave（properheating,hotwater,etc.）.

6Importantlandresourcesincludeminerals,fossilfuels,fertilesoil,forests,wetlandandwildlife.Increasedconstructionoftourismandrecreationalfacilitieshasincreasedthepressureontheseresourcesandonsceniclandscapes.Directimpactonnaturalresources,bothrenewableandnonrenewable,intheprovisionoftouristfacilitiescanbecausedbytheuseoflandforaccommodationandotherinfrastructureprovision,andtheuseofbuildingmaterials.Constructionofskiresortaccommodationandfacilitiesfrequentlyrequiresclearingforestedland.Coastalwetlandsareoftendrainedandfilledduetolackofmoresuitablesitesforconstructionoftourismfacilitiesandinfrastructure.Theseactivitiescancauseseveredisturbanceanderosionofthelocalecosystem,evendestructioninthelongterm.

7Tourismcancausethesameformsofpollutionasanyotherindustry:

airemissions,noise,solidwasteandlittering,releasesofsewage,oilandchemicals,evenarchitectural/visualpollution.Transportbyair,road,andrailiscontinuouslyincreasinginresponsetotherisingnumberoftouristsandtheirgreatermobility.Togiveanindication,theICAOreportedthatthenumberofinternationalairpassengersworldwiderosefrom88millionin1972to344millionin1994.Oneconsequenceofthisincreaseinairtransportisthattourismnowaccountsformorethan60%ofairtravelandisthereforeresponsibleforanimportantshareofairemissions.OnestudyestimatedthatasingletransatlanticreturnflightemitsalmosthalftheCO2emissionsproducedbyallothersources（lighting,heating,caruse,etc.）consumedbyanaveragepersonyearly.

8Transportemissionsandemissionsfromenergyproductionandusearelinkedtoacidrain,globalwarmingandphotochemicalpollution.Airpollutionfromtouristtransportationhasimpactsontheglob