5ch10SalesWord格式.docx
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a.Thesalemustbeinternational.
1)Thebuyerandsellermusthavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstates.
2)Additionally,either:
a)Bothofthestatesmustbecontractingpartiestotheconvention,or
b)TherulesofprivateinternationallawmustleadtotheapplicationofthelawofaContractingState.
1]Note:
CISGmayapplyevenifthebuyer’sandseller’splacesofbusinessarenotinacontractingstate.
2]Exception:
ThefinalprovisionsoftheConventionallowaratifyingstate,ifitwishes,todeclarethatitwillapplytheCISGonlywhenthebuyerandsellerarebothfromcontractingstates.
2.OptingInandOut
a.ThepartiestoacontractmayexcludeormodifytheCISG’sapplicationbya“choiceoflaw”clause.
b.WhetherpartiescanexcludeadomesticlawandadopttheCISGinitsplacedependsontherulesofthestatewherethecaseisheard.
Case10-1.AsanteTechnologies,Inc.v.PMC-Sierra,Inc.
3.SaleDefined
a.CISGdoesnotdirectlydefineasale.
b.Implieddefinition:
Thedeliveryofthegoodsandtheirsupportingdocumentationbythesellerandthepaymentoftheirpricebythebuyer.
4.GoodsDefined
a.CISGdoesnotdirectlydefinegoods.
1)ThedraftersassumedthattheCISGonlyappliestogoodsthataremovableandtangible.
a)Thisisinaccordwithinternationalusage.
b.CISGlistthesalesandgoodsthatareexcludedfromitscoverage.
1)Salestransactionsthatareexcluded:
a)Goodsboughtforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse.
1]Thisexclusiondoesnotapplyunlessthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownthatthegoodswereboughtforpersonaluseorconsumption.
b)Auctionsales.
c)Salesonexecutionorotherwisebyauthorityoflaw.
2)Goodsthatareexcluded:
a)Stocks,shares,investmentsecurities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney.
Manysimilargoodsarenotexcluded(e.g.,patents,copyrights,andtrademarks).
b)Ships,vessels,hovercraftoraircraft.
c)Electricity.
5.MixedSales
a.MixedsalesandservicescontractsaretreatedbytheCISGassalesofgoods,unless“thepreponderantpartoftheobligations”oftheseller“consistsinthesupplyoflabororotherservices.”
1)Preponderantprobablymeansmorethanhalf.
2)Whetherthisismeasuredbythecost,thesaleprice,orbysomeotherbasisisnotclear.
b.Contractsforgoodstobemanufacturedaresalesunlessthebuyerundertakestosupplyasubstantialpartofthematerials.
1)Substantialisprobablylessthanhalf.
C.CONTRACTUALISSUESEXCLUDEDFROMTHECOVERAGEOFTHECONVENTION
1.TheCISGOnlyDealsWith:
a.Theformationofcontracts.
b.Theremediesavailabletothebuyerandseller.
2.TheCISGSpecificallyExcludesQuestionsAbout:
a.Thelegalityofthecontract.
c.Therightsofthirdparties.
d.Liabilityfordeathorpersonalinjury.
3.Preemption:
WhentheCISGapplies,domesticlawispreempted.
a.Reason:
theCISG’sbasicfunctionistoestablishuniformrulesforinternationalsalescontracts.
b.ScopeoftheCISG.
1)CISGappliestocontractualissues.
a)CISGpreemptsthelocallawevenifthelocallawgivesadifferentnametoaparticularremedy.
b)CISGpreemptsthelocallawevenifthelocallawaddsadditionalelementstoamatterthatiscontractualinnature.
D.INTERPRETINGTHECONVENTION
1.InterpretingtheProvisionsoftheCISG
b.Considerthefollowingsources,inthefollowingorder:
1)TheConvention.
2)ThegeneralprinciplesonwhichtheConventionisbased.
3)Therulesofprivateinternationallaw.
2.InterpretingtheCISG
a.TointerpretthewordsoftheCISGitself,consider:
1)TheinternationalcharacteroftheConvention.
2)TheneedtopromoteuniformityintheConvention’sapplication.
3)Theobligationtoobservegoodfaith.
b.Rulesofinterpretation.
1)“Plainmeaning”:
LookatthewordsofConventionitself.
2)Travauxpreparatoires:
LooktotheCISG’slegislativehistorytodetermineitsintent.
3)Precedent:
UsecaselawtointerprettheCISG.
3.GeneralPrinciples
a.TheCISGcallsforcourtstolooktothegeneralprinciplesonwhichtheConventionisbasedwheninterpretingitsprovisions.
1)TheCISGgivesnolistofgeneralprinciples.
a)Suggestedprinciples(thatappear,invaryingforms,throughouttheconvention):
2]Partieshavetheobligationtomitigatedamagesresultingfromabreach.
2)TheCISGrequiresthatgeneralprinciplesbederivedonlyfromrulesgivenwithintheConventionitself.
4.RulesofPrivateInternationalLaw
a.Rulesofprivateinternationallawmaybeusedonlywhen:
1)TheConventionitselfdoesnotdirectlysettle