Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT格式课件下载.ppt

Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT格式课件下载.ppt

《Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT格式课件下载.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT格式课件下载.ppt（46页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Toolsandpractice,CriticalThinkingThruPaul-ElderModel,PEMisaneffectivecriticalthinkingtoolfordebateandalsoeffectivewithanysubjectmatterorsituation.,ElementsofThinkingProvidesaspectsforyourtoanalyzeyourargument.Theyarethedifferentwindowsthruwhichtoobserveahouse.Eachwillgiveyouadifferentviewintheunderstandingofwhatthehouselookslikeinside.Purpose,questions,information,inferences,concepts,assumptions,consequences,pointsofview.,Purposecompareprosandconsofapolicy,weighvalues,ordevelopaplantosolveaproblem.QuestionsMajorissuesinvolvedinthepurpose,problemsorharmstobeaddressed,currentsystemisnttakingcare,basisofthevaluesbeingdebated,actionstobetakenandbenefitsoftheactions.,InformationInformationfororagainstthetopic,specificexperiences,helpingorguidingfactsoropinions,sourceofinformation,accuracyandup-datednessandrelevanceoftheinformation,qualityoftheinformationusedbytheotherteamInferencesWhatconclusiontodrawfromtheQsandInformationyouhear,relationbetweenprobandsolution,connectionbetweentwopiecesofevidence,consistencyorcontroversybetweentwoarguments,ConceptsPhilosophicalideasortheorytounderstandorargueabout.Definitionstobeprovided.Theneedofjustificationofthecriteria.AssumptionThingstobetakenforgrantedonthetopic,achangehappenedthatwouldchangetheapproach.,ConsequencesGoodthingsandbadthingsthatcomefromthearguments.Personalorsocietallevel.Whatwillhappenifaplanisinstituted?

Advantagesanddisadvantagesoftheactionsindiscussion.,PointsofviewTwoormorepointsofview.Whattypeoflanguageframesthearguments?

Isthelanguageorpositionobjectiveorappropriatefortheissueathand?

Howaretheargumentsphrased?

Isthepositionaccurateforthequestionathand?

IntellectualStandardsofThinkingClarity.Aretheargumentsunderstandable?

Isthereavaguenessthatdoesnotallowforunderstandingofaspecificelement?

Forexample,isthepurposeclear?

Accuracy.Istheinformationbeingunsedtrueandcomplete?

Aretheconclusionsbeingdrawnappropriatefromtheinformationavaible?

Precision.Arethereenoughdetailstosatisfythespecificrequirements?

Doestheactionhavesufficientconditionspresentedtosolvetheproblem（i.e.enoughmoney）?

Relevance.Howmuchdoestheelementrelatetotheissueathand?

Doestheopponentsargumentactuallyrefutesomethingyousay?

Significance.Howimportantissomething?

Canitssignificancebemeasured?

Theremayalsobeseveralvaluesinvolvedinadebate.Whenlookingtothequalityofthevaluescanyoudeterminewhicharemoreimportantandwhy?

Isthesignificanceyoupresentgreaterthanthesignificancetheotherteampresents?

Depth.Whenevaluatinganissue,isthereaneedforunderstandingotherspecificswithintheissue?

Breadth.Whenevaluatinganissue,arethereotherareasofinterestnecessaryforunderstandingthecompletepicture?

Logic.Doestheargumentmakesense?

Dotheconclusionscomefromtheanalysisandevidenceprovided?

Fairness.Isanobjectivepositionbeingtaken?

Arethereotherpointsofviewthatneedtobeconsideredtominimizeethnocentrismoregocentrism?

Withtheeightelementsandninestandards,youactuallyhave72waystoanalyseandevaluateanyissue.,ArgumentConstructionThroughtheToulminModel,Claim:

statementsaboutfacts,values,orpolicies.Data:

inotherwords,ground,evidence,support,proof,documentation,orsubstance.warrant:

therelevantlink,ortheanalysisthatputstheclaimanddatatogetherandmakessenseoftheargument.,CLAIMOralcommunicationskillsincreaseemploymentopportunities.,DATAResearchontheFortune500listsoralcommunicationasthetopappliedskills.,WARRANTWhatistruefortheFortune500isprobablytrueformostprospectiveemployees.,LogicalArgumentConstruction,CLAIMAirpollutionisbadforhumanhealth.,DATAThereareover500McDonaldsRestaurantsinBeijing.,WARRANTThereisnoobviousre