Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT格式课件下载.ppt

1、Tools and practice,Critical Thinking Thru Paul-Elder Model,PEM is an effective critical thinking tool for debate and also effective with any subject matter or situation.,Elements of ThinkingProvides aspects for your to analyze your argument.They are the different windows thru which to observe a hous

2、e.Each will give you a different view in the understanding of what the house looks like inside.Purpose,questions,information,inferences,concepts,assumptions,consequences,points of view.,Purposecompare pros and cons of a policy,weigh values,or develop a plan to solve a problem.QuestionsMajor issues i

3、nvolved in the purpose,problems or harms to be addressed,current system isnt taking care,basis of the values being debated,actions to be taken and benefits of the actions.,InformationInformation for or against the topic,specific experiences,helping or guiding facts or opinions,source of information,

4、accuracy and up-datedness and relevance of the information,quality of the information used by the other teamInferencesWhat conclusion to draw from the Qs and Information you hear,relation between prob and solution,connection between two pieces of evidence,consistency or controversy between two argum

5、ents,ConceptsPhilosophical ideas or theory to understand or argue about.Definitions to be provided.The need of justification of the criteria.AssumptionThings to be taken for granted on the topic,a change happened that would change the approach.,ConsequencesGood things and bad things that come from t

6、he arguments.Personal or societal level.What will happen if a plan is instituted?Advantages and disadvantages of the actions in discussion.,Points of viewTwo or more points of view.What type of language frames the arguments?Is the language or position objective or appropriate for the issue at hand?H

7、ow are the arguments phrased?Is the position accurate for the question at hand?,Intellectual Standards of ThinkingClarity.Are the arguments understandable?Is there a vagueness that does not allow for understanding of a specific element?For example,is the purpose clear?,Accuracy.Is the information be

8、ing unsed true and complete?Are the conclusions being drawn appropriate from the information avaible?,Precision.Are there enough details to satisfy the specific requirements?Does the action have sufficient conditions presented to solve the problem（i.e.enough money）?,Relevance.How much does the eleme

9、nt relate to the issue at hand?Does the opponents argument actually refute something you say?,Significance.How important is something?Can its significance be measured?There may also be several values involved in a debate.When looking to the quality of the values can you determine which are more impo

10、rtant and why?Is the significance you present greater than the significance the other team presents?,Depth.When evaluating an issue,is there a need for understanding other specifics within the issue?,Breadth.When evaluating an issue,are there other areas of interest necessary for understanding the c

11、omplete picture?,Logic.Does the argument make sense?Do the conclusions come from the analysis and evidence provided?,Fairness.Is an objective position being taken?Are there other points of view that need to be considered to minimize ethnocentrism or egocentrism?,With the eight elements and nine stan

12、dards,you actually have 72 ways to analyse and evaluate any issue.,Argument Construction Through the Toulmin Model,Claim:statements about facts,values,or policies.Data:in other words,ground,evidence,support,proof,documentation,or substance.warrant:the relevant link,or the analysis that puts the clai

13、m and data together and makes sense of the argument.,CLAIMOral communication skills increase employment opportunities.,DATAResearch on the Fortune 500 lists oral communication as the top applied skills.,WARRANTWhat is true for the Fortune 500 is probably true for most prospective employees.,Logical Argument Construction,CLAIMAir pollution is bad for human health.,DATAThere are over 500 McDonalds Restaurants in Beijing.,WARRANTThere is no obvious re