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HeisaBritishlinguistandthenotionsyllabusproposedbyhimshouldbepaidsomeattention.SomeofthecurriculumreformsinlanguageteachinginEuropeintheseventies,includingnotionsyllabusareattemptstoorganizesecondlanguagecurriculaonsemanticratherthangrammaticalprinciples.Inotherwords,insteadofarrangingalanguagecourseprimarilyintermsofnoun,thearticle,verbtenses,arrangementofadjectives,andthelike,Wilkinssuggestedthatbasiccategoriesofmeaningshouldconstitutetheessentialframeworkofthecourse.Hisschemeincludesnotionsoftime,space,quantity,andsoon,aswellasthecommunicativefunctionswhichlearnersneedintheforeignlanguage,suchasenquiring,informing,requesting,greetingandsoforth.Besides,hishaspublishedthebookLinguisticsinLanguageTeaching.
(P132)
2.ZelligHarris(October23,1909-May22,1992)wasarenownedAmericanlinguist,mathematicalsyntactician,andmethodologistofscience.OriginallyaSemiticist,heisbestknownforhisworkinstructurallinguisticsanddiscourseanalysisandforthediscoveryoftransformationalstructureinlanguage.Thesedevelopmentsfromthefirst10yearsofhiscareerwerepublishedwithinthefirst25.Hiscontributionsinthesubsequent35yearsofhiscareerincludesublanguagegrammar,operatorgrammar,andatheoryoflinguisticinformation.ItiswidelybelievedthatHarriscarriedBloomfieldianideasoflinguisticdescriptiontotheirextremedevelopment:
theinvestigationofdiscoveryproceduresforphonemesandmorphemes,basedonthedistributionalpropertiesoftheseunits.HisMethodsinStructuralLinguistics(1951)isthedefinitiveformulationofdescriptivestructuralworkashehaddevelopedituptoabout1945.Thisbookmadehimfamous,butissometimesmisinterpreted,fromagenerativistpointofview,asasynthesisofa"
neo-Bloomfieldianschool"
ofstructuralism.(P133)
3.B.F.Skinner(March20,1904-August18,1990)wasanAmericanpsychologist,author,inventor,socialphilosopher,andpoet.HewastheEdgarPierceProfessorofPsychologyatHarvardUniversityfrom1958untilhisretirementin1974.Rejectingtheparole-languedistinction,heinachallengingbookonverbalbehavioradoptedastrictlybehavioristicpointofviewandarguedthatonlyobservableobjectofscientificstudyidtheverbalbehavior,thespeechutterancesandtexts(i.e.parole).LangueaccordingtoSkinner,isamentalisticandunscientificabstraction.Hisworkonverbalbehaviorisanattempttoaccountforalllinguisticactivitiesentirelywithintermsofovertandobservableeventswithoutanyappealtoan“underlyingsystem”.(P129)
4.FerdinandvonHumboldt(22June1767–8April1835)wasaGermanphilosopher,governmentfunctionary,diplomat,andfounderofHumboldtUniversitä
t.Heisespeciallyrememberedasalinguistwhomadeimportantcontributionstothephilosophyoflanguageandtothetheoryandpracticeofeducation.Inparticular,heiswidelyrecognizedashavingbeenthearchitectofthePrussianeducationsystemwhichwasusedasamodelforeducationsystemsincountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.(P142)
5.CharlesF.Hockett(January17,1916–November3,2000)wasanAmericanlinguistwhodevelopedmanyinfluentialideasinAmericanstructuralistlinguistics.Herepresentsthepost-Bloomfieldianphaseofstructuralismoftenreferredtoas"
distributionalism"
or"
taxonomicstructuralism"
.HisacademiccareerspannedoverhalfacenturyatCornellandRiceuniversities.(P143)
6.LarrySelinkerproposedthetheoryofinterlanguage(1972),notingthatinagivensituationtheutterancesproducedbythelearneraredifferentfromthosenativespeakerswouldproducehadtheyattemptedtoconveythesamemeaning.Thiscomparisonrevealsaseparatelinguisticsystem.(P125)
7.Malinowski(7April1884–16May1942)wasaPolishanthropologist,widelyconsideredoneofthemostimportant20th-centuryanthropologists,andalsoinfluentialinstructuralfunctionalistsociology.HispioneeringethnographicfieldworkmadeamajorcontributiontothestudyofMelanesiaandofphenomenarelatingtoreciprocity.Andhisstudydohavesomecontributiontothelinguistics.(P138)
8.LouisHjelmslev(October3,1899
–May30,1965)wasaDanishlinguistwhoseideasformedthebasisoftheCopenhagenSchooloflinguistics.Bornintoanacademicfamily,HjelmslevstudiedcomparativelinguisticsinCopenhagen,PragueandParis(witha.o.AntoineMeilletandJosephVendryes).In1931,hehelpedtofoundtheCercleLinguistiquedeCopenhague.TogetherwithHansJø
rgenUldallhedevelopedanewtheoryonlanguage,coiningthewordGlossematik(inEnglish,glossematics;
thewordwaspartiallyderivedfromtheGreek"
glossa"
whichmeans"
tongue"
language"
).Hjelmslev'
ssignmodelisadevelopmentofSaussure'
sbilate