中国制鞋业和温州模式：世界主要生产和出口鞋商的观点外文翻译Word格式.docx

中国制鞋业和温州模式：世界主要生产和出口鞋商的观点外文翻译Word格式.docx

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外文翻译

原文

China’sShoeManufacturingandtheWenzhouModel:

PerspectivesontheWorld’sLeadingProducerandExporterofFootwear

MaterialSource:

JournalEurasianGeographyandEconomicsAuthor:

Y.H.DennisWei

INTRODUCTION

Theglobalmapofindustrialproductionisinastateofnearlyunprecedentedflux,reflectingChina’sspectacularriseandsuccessinbecomingadominantplayerintheworldeconomicarena.Althoughstillidentifiedwithcommunistideology,thecountry’smostdramaticgrowthinoutputhasoccurredinexportableconsumergoodssuchasclothingandfootwear.

ExportsfromChinahavefloodedglobalmarkets,sothatthecountryhasbynow

earnedthewell-deservedreputationasthe“world’sfactory.”In2008,itsGDPbecametheworld’sthird-largest,surpassingthat

ofGermanyandchallengingtheleadingpositionoftheUnitedStates.

HowhasChinaachieveditsremarkableriseinproduction,andwhatroleshaveitsindustriesandregionsplayedintheprocess?

Thecountry’sfootwearindustryrepresentsaclearexampleofChina’sriseinmanufacturing,andthusprovidessomerevealinganswerstothatquestion.ThelimitedWesternliteraturepositsthatChina’sfootwearfactoriesareconcentratedintheexport-orientedPearlRiverDeltaPRD,wheregrowthisdrivenbyforeigninvestmentandexternalproductionunderablueprintfordevelopmentpopularlyknownasthePRDmodele.g.,seeScott,2006.Butwhilethispicturereflectsthesituationintheearly1990s,itneedstobeupdated,iffornootherreasonthatseveralmajorcentersoffootwearproductionincludingQuanzhouFujianProvince,ChengduSichuan,andChongqingandWenzhouZhejiangalsohavebynowbeenestablishedinChina.

ThispaperattemptstoexpandourknowledgeofindustrialandregionaldevelopmentbypresentingastudyoffootwearindustryintheWenzhouMunicipality,whichcouldbecalledChina’s“capitaloflocalcapitalism.”ThemunicipalityisknownfortheWenzhoumodelofindustrialdistrictsandregionaldevelopment,basedonbottom-updevelopmentoffamily-ownedsmallbusinessenterprisesembeddedindenselocalinstitutions.

Wenzhou’s districts resemble those of the Marshallian

industrialdistrictsMIDsmorefrequentlystudiedandcitedintheliteratureseeA.P.L.Liu,1992;

Y.L.Liu,1992;

Parris,1993;

MaandCui,2002;

Sonobeetal.,2004;

YeandWei,2005;

Walcott,2007;

Weietal.,2007;

Huangetal.,2008.Theresemblance,however,tendstofadesincethelate1980s,afterWenzhou’sfamilyenterpriseshaveundergonetwomajorroundsofinstitutionalchangeandfacedseveralstrategicchoices,inconjunctionwiththeemergenceofmultiregionalenterprisesMREs.

Inthispaper,IwillattempttointerpretthedevelopmentandrestructuringofWenzhou’sfootwearindustryinanefforttoprovideaclearerpictureinthecontextofChina’sregionaldevelopmentmodelse.g.,PRD,Sunan,andWenzhou.Insodoing,IchallengeboththeNewRegionalismliteraturethatfocusesonsmallfirmsandlocalassets, as well as perspectives that place undue emphasis onintegrationwithglobalnetworksandexogenousfactorsofdevelopment.IwillarguethatneitherapproachprovidesadequateexplanationsofregionaldevelopmentinChina.

THERESEARCHSETTING

MyresearchactivitiesfocusedontheMunicipalityofWenzhouinsouthernZhejiangProvince;

Fig.1,whichcoversanareaof11,784km2.Inhabitedbyanestimated7.9millionpeoplein2008,ithadaconcentrationof1.42millioninitsurbandistrictWSB,2008.The

districtWenzhouCityformedthetraditionaleconomiccoreofthemunicipality,whichinaggregateaccountedfor81.5percentofitsgrossregionalproductibid..

MyresearchonWenzhouwasinitiatedinthelate1990s,andfrom2003to2005

involvedsurveysandpersonalinterviewswithlocalcompaniesandgovernmentofficials.Withrenewedfunding,webegananotherroundofextensivefieldresearchinAugust2008inWenzhouincollaborationwithlocalresearchersaffiliatedwiththeWenzhouInstituteofEconomicConstructionandPlanningandagroupoffacultyandstudentsfromtheDepartmentofUrbanandRegionalEconomicsatEastChinaNormalUniversity.Ourteamincludedmorethan40researchersandstudentsfromWenzhouaswellasfromothercities.TogetherweinterviewedalmostallbusinessassociationsinWenzhouN20aswellasmorethan100firmsrecommendedbytheseassociationsandrepresentingdifferentsectorsandenterprisesizes;

manyareamongthemostinfluentialenterprisesintheregion.Withregardtoitsfootwearindustry,weinterviewedthetworelevantbusinessassociationsand15typicalcompanies,providingarepresentativesampleoftheentireshoemanufacturingclusterandproductionprocess.Interviews,averaging1.5hours,wereconductedwithbusinessowners,generalmanagers,andotherhigh-levelfunctionaries