Remediation Understanding New MediaWord文件下载.docx
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TheMITPress,2000.
Definitionof'
remediation'
fromthebook:
DefinedbyPaulLevensonasthe"
anthropotropic"
processbywhichnewmediatechnologiesimproveuponorremedypriortechnologies.Wedefinethetermdifferently,usingittomeantheformallogicbywhichnewmediarefashionpriormediaforms.Alongwithimmediacyandhypermediacy,remediationisoneofthethreetraitsofourgenealogyofnewmedia.
PartI:
Theory
Chapter1.Immediacy,Hypermediacy,andRemediation
Thetwologicsofremediationhavealonghistory,fortheirinterplaydefinesagenealogythatdatesbackatleasttotheRenaissanceandtheinventionoflinearperspective.Wedonotclaimthatimmediacy,hypermediacyandremediationareuniversalaesthetictruths;
rather,weregardthemaspracticesofspecificgroupsinspecifictimes.[N1]AlthoughthelogicofimmediacyhasmanifesteditselffromtheRenaissancetothepresentday,eachmanifestationineachagemaybesignificantlydifferent,andimmediacymaymeanonethingtotheorists,anothertopracticingartistsordesigners,andathirdtoviewers.The
diversityisevengreaterforhypermediacy,whichseemsalwaystoofferanumberofdifferentreactionstothecontemporarylogicofimmediacy.Remediationalwaysoperatesunderthecurrentculturalassumptionsaboutimmediacyandhypermediacy.
Wecannothopetoexplorethegenealogyofremediationindetail.WhatconcernsusisremediationinourcurrentmediainNorthAmerica,andherewecananalyzespecificimages,texts,anduses.Thehistoricalresonances(toRenaissancepainting,nineteenth-centuryphotography,andtwentieth-centuryfilm,andsoon)willbeofferedtohelpexplainthecontemporarysituation.Atthesametime,thepracticesofcontemporarymediaconstitutealensthroughwhichwecanviewthehistoryofremediation.Whatwewishtohighlightfromthepastiswhatresonateswiththetwinpreoccupationsofcontemporarymedia:
thetransparentpresentationoftherealandtheenjoymentoftheopacityofmediathemselves.
Thelogicoftransparentimmediacy
Virtualrealityis"
immersive,"
whichmeansthatitisamediumwhosepurposeistodisappear.However,thisdisappearingactismadedifficultbytheapparatusthatvirtualrealityrequires.InStrangeDays,usersofthewirehadonlytoputonaslenderskullcap,butintoday'
svirtualrealitysystems,theviewermustwearabulky"
head-mounteddisplay,"
ahelmetwitheyepiecesforeacheye(Figure1.2).Inothersystemsknownas"
caves,"
thewalls,(andsometimesthefloorandceiling)arethemselvesgiantcomputerscreens.Althoughlesssubtlethanthewire,currentvirtualrealitysystemsalsosurroundtheviewerwithacomputergeneratedimage.Withthehead-mounteddisplayinparticular,virtualrealityisliterally"
intheviewer'
sface."
Theviewerisgivenafirst-personpointofview,asshegazesonagraphicworldfromastationpointthatisalwaysthevisualcenterofthatworld.Ascomputerscientiststhemselvesputit,thegoalofvirtualrealityistofosterintheviewerasenseofpresence:
theviewershouldforgetthatsheisinfactwearingacomputerinterfaceandacceptthegraphicimagethatitoffersasherownvisualworld(Hodgesetal).
Inordertocreateasenseofpresence,virtualrealityshouldcomeascloseaspossibletoourdailyvisualexperience.Itsgraphicspaceshouldbecontinuousandfullofobjectsandshouldfilltheviewer'
sfieldofvisionwithoutrupture.Buttoday'
stechnologystillcontainsmanyruptures,includingslowframerates,jaggedgraphics,brightcolors,blandlighting,andsystemcrashes.Someoftheserupturesareapparenteveninthesinglestaticimagesthatwesee,forexample,inFigures10.1,10.2,and10.3.Wenoticeimmediatelythecartoon-likesimplicityofthescene,whichnousercouldconfusewiththeworldthatgreetsherwhenshetakesoffthehelmet.Fortheenthusiastsofvirtualreality,however,today'
stechnologicallimitationssimplypointtoitsgreatpotential,whichforthemliesinafuturenotmuchfurtherremovedthanStrangeDays.Infact,LennyNero'
swordscouldalmosthavebeenwrittenbytheseenthusiasts.Inhisbookonvirtualreality,HowardRheingoldclaimsthat"
[a]ttheheartofVR[virtualreality]isanexperience-theexperienceofbeinginavirtualworldorremotelocation"
(VirtualReality46).JaronLanier,adeveloperofoneofthefirstcommercialvirtualrealitysystems,suggeststhatinvirtualreality"
...youcanvisittheworldofthedinosaur,thenbecomeaTyrannosaurus.NotonlycanyouseeDNA,youcanexperiencewhatit'
sliketobeamolecule"
(quotedinDitlea97).MeredithBricken,aninterfacedesigner,writesthatinavirtual
environment,"
Youcanbethemadhatteroryoucanbetheteapot;
youcanmovebackandforthtotherhythmofa