语言学导论课后习题答案文档格式.doc

语言学导论课后习题答案文档格式.doc

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lMorphemesandallomorphs

nThesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageiscalledamorpheme.

nAmorphememayberepresentedbydifferentforms,calledallomorphs.

n“zero”formofamorphemeandsuppletives

uSomecountablenounsdonotchangeformtoexpressplurality.Similarly,someregularverbsdonotchangeformtoindicatepasttense.Inthesetwocases,thenounorverbcontainstwomorphemes,amongwhichthereisone“zeroform”ofamorpheme.

uSomeverbshaveirregularchangeswhentheyareinpasttense.Inthiscase,theverbsalsohavetwomorphemes.Wordswhicharenotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeirrootsarecalledsuppletives.

lFreeandboundmorphemes

nSomemorphemesconstitutewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemesarecalledfreemorphemes.

nOthermorphemesareneverusedindependentlyinspeechandwriting.Theyarealwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwords.Thesemorphemesarecalledboundmorphemes.

nThedistinctionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeusedindependentlyinspeechorwriting.

nFreemorphemesaretherootsofwords,whileboundmorphemesaretheaffixes（prefixesandsuffixes）.

lInflexionalandderivationalmorphemes

nInflexionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tenseandaspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.

nDerivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnewwords.

uEnglishaffixesaredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

uSomelanguageshaveinfixes,boundmorphemeswhichareinsertedintoothermorphemes.

uTheprocessofputtingaffixestoexistingformstocreatenewwordsiscalledderivation.Wordsthusformedarecalledderivatives.

lConclusion:

classificationofmorphemes

nMorphemes

uFreemorphemes

uBoundmorphemes

lInflexional

lDerivational:

affixes

nPrefixes:

-s,-’s,-er,-est,-ing,-ed,-s

nSuffixes

lFormationofnewwords

nDerivation

uDerivationformsawordbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.

uSincederivationcanapplymorethanonce,itispossibletocreateaderivedwordwithanumberofaffixes.Forexample,ifweaddaffixestothewordfriend,wecanformbefriend,friendly,unfriendly,friendliness,unfriendliness,etc.Thisprocessofaddingmorethanoneaffixtoafreemorphemeistermedcomplexderivation.

uDerivationdoesnotapplyfreelytoanywordofagivencategory.Generallyspeaking,affixescannotbeaddedtomorphemesofadifferentlanguageorigin.

uDerivationisalsoconstrainedbyphonologicalfactors.

uSomeEnglishsuffixesalsochangethewordstress.

nCompounding

uCompoundingisanothercommonwaytoformwords.Itisthecombinationoffreemorphemes.

uThemajorityofEnglishcompoundsarethecombinationofwordsfromthethreeclasses–nouns,verbsandadjectives–andfallintothethreeclasses.

uIncompounds,therightmostmorphemedeterminesthepartofspeechoftheword.

uThemeaningofcompoundsisnotalwaysthesumofmeaningofthecomponents.

nConversion

uConversionistheprocessputtinganexistingwordofoneclassintoanotherclass.

uConversionisusuallyfoundinwordscontainingonemorpheme.

nClipping

uClippingisaprocessthatshortensapolysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables.

uClippedwordsareinitiallyusedinspokenEnglishoninformaloccasions.

uSomeclippedwordshavebecomewidelyaccepted,andareusedeveninformalstyles.Forexample,thewordsbus（omnibus）,vet（veterinarian）,gym（gymnasium）,fridge（refrigerator）andfax（facsimile）arerarelyusedintheircompleteform.

nBlending

uBlendingisaprocessthatcreatesnewwordsbyputtingtogethernon-morphemicpartsofexistingwords.Forexample,smog（smoke+frog）,brunch（amealinthemiddleofmorning,replacingbothbreakfastandlunch）,motel（motor+hotel）.Thereisalsoaninterestingwordinthetextbookforjuniormiddleschoolstudents–“plike”（akindofmachinethatislikebothaplaneandabike）.

nBack-formation

uBack-formationistheprocessthatcreatesanewwordbydroppingarealorsupposedsuffix.Forexample,thewordteleviseisback-formedfromtelevision.Originally,thewordtelevisionisformedbyputtingtheprefixtele-（far）totherootvision（viewing）.Atthesametime,thereisasuffix–sioninEnglishindicatingnouns.Thenpeopleconsiderthe–sioninthewordtelevisionasthatsuffixanddropittoformtheverbtelevise.

nAcronymsandabbreviations

uAcronymsandabbreviationsareformedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofallwo