名词解释和问答题Word格式文档下载.doc

名词解释和问答题Word格式文档下载.doc

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itreferstothenaturallyoccuringlanguageevents;

itvariesfrompersontopersonandfromsituationtosituation.

2）Appliedlinguistics应用语言学：

findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsasrecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownasappliedlinguistics.

3）Reference（所指）语义：

Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

4）Illocutionaryact言外行为：

theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.

5）Regionaldialect地域方言：

itisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.ithasbeenfoundthatregionaldialectboundariesofencoincidewithgeographicalbarriessuchasmountains,riversorswamps.

6）LAD（LanguageAcquisitionDevice）语言习得机制：

itwasdescribedasanimaginary"

blackbox"

existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain.

7）CA（ContrastiveAnalysis）对比分析：

startingwithdescribingcomparablefeaturesofthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguage,CAcomparestheformsandmeaningsacrossthesetwolanguagestolocatethemismatchesordifferencessothatpeoplecanpredictthepossiblelearningdifficultylearnersmayencounter.Thedistinctionwasmadebetweenpositivetransferandnegativetransfer.①Positivetransfer----facilitatetargetlanguagelearning.②Negativetransfer----interfereorhindertargetlanguagelearningItisbelievedthatdifferencesbetweenthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagewouldposedifficultiesinsecond/foreignlanguagelearningandteaching

8）Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：

itisthestudyoftworelatedareas：

languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthebrainisstructuredandwhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperforms,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.

9）Predicationanalysis述谓结构分析：

proposedbytheBritishLinguistG.Leech.Inhisframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Thisappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogativeforms.Apredicationconsistsofargument（s）andpredicate.

10）Cross-culturalcommunication（interculturalcommunication）跨文化交流：

itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

11）Cross-association互相联想：

inEnglishwesometimesmaycomeacrosswordswhicharesimilarinmeaning.Theirspellingandpronunciationarealsoalike.Thecloseassociationofthetwoleadstoconfusion.Suchinterferenceisoftenreferredascross-association.

12）CPH（CriticalPeriodHypothesis）临界期假说：

aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.①ThestrongversionofCPHsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.②Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.（SupportinVictor’sandGenie’scases）

13）Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：

ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"

correctandstandard"

behaviourinusinglanguagetoellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

14）Performance语言运用；

言语行为：

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

15）Duality双重性（doublearticulation）：

languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Thehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentence,suchasmorphemeorword,whichthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitesofmeaning.

五．问答题：

Chapter1

1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?

Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem,thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.

6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoC