名词解释和问答题Word格式文档下载.doc

1、it refers to the naturally occuring language events;it varies from person to person and from situation to situation.2） Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications

2、 is known as applied linguistics.3） Reference（所指）语义： It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4） Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speakers intention,

3、it is the act preformed in saying something.5） Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.it has been found that regional dialect boundaries ofen coincide with geographical barries such as mountains,rivers or swamps.6） LAD（Language Acquisiti

4、on Device）语言习得机制：it was described as an imaginary black box existing somewhere in the human brain.7） CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparable features of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the m

5、ismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter. The distinction was made between positive transfer and negative transfer. Positive transfer-facilitate target language learning.Negative transfer-interfere or hinder target language learningI

6、t is believed that differences between the native language and the target language would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching8） Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas：language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includ

7、es research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language. 9） Predication analysis述谓结构分析：proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech. In his fram

8、ework of analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of a sentence, including statements,imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument（s） and predicate.10） Cross-cultural communication（inter

9、cultural communication）跨文化交流：it is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 11） Cross-association互相联想：in English we sometimes may come across words which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation

10、are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12） CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first

11、 language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. （Support in Victors and Genies cases） 13） Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for

12、correct and standard behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14） Performance语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15） Duality双重性（double articulation）：language is a system, whi

13、ch consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. The higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentence, such as morpheme or word, which the sounds of language can be grouped and

14、 regrouped into a large number of unites of meaning.五问答题：Chapter 11. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it i

15、s based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to

16、display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. 6. How is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to C