英语语言学A_New_Concise_Course_in_Linguistics_for_Students_of_English教材教学课件PPT文档格式.pptx

英语语言学A_New_Concise_Course_in_Linguistics_for_Students_of_English教材教学课件PPT文档格式.pptx

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5-scorepenaltyforeachabsenceContributionAward:

2-5scoresforclasscontribution,CourseContents:

anoverview,Introduction（week1&

3,week2holiday）Phonology（week4&

6,week5holiday）Morphology（week7）Syntax（week8）Semantics（week9）Pragmatics（week10）LanguageChange（week11）LanguageandSociety（week12）LanguageandCulture（week13）LanguageAcquisition（week14）,SomePreliminariesaboutLanguage,Whatislanguage?

Thequestion“whatislanguage?

”iscomparablewithand,somewouldsay,hardlylessprofoundthan“whatislife?

”,-JohnLyons,ThelanguagesoftheworldTheoriginoflanguageThedefinitionoflanguageThedefiningfeaturesoflanguageThefunctionoflanguage,Discussion,Howmanylanguagesarethereintheworld?

Howmanylanguagescanyouspeak?

Howmanydialectscanyouspeak?

Whatsyourattitudetowardsdialects?

Someinterestingideasaboutlanguage,Languageslowlychanges.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.Writingisderivativeofspeech.（胡壮麟，2001:

1-2）,Somemythsaboutlanguage,Myth1:

Languageisameansofcommunication.Myth2:

Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.Myth3:

Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.Myth4:

EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.Myth5:

BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.（胡壮麟，2001:

1）,Thereareover100languagefamiliesintheworld.Toptenareasfollows:

1.TheIndo-EuropeanFamily印欧语系,2.TheUralicFamily3.TheAltaicFamily,乌拉尔语系阿尔泰语系,4.TheSino-TibetanFamily汉藏语系5.TheMalayo-PolynesianFamily南岛语系（马来波里尼西亚语系）6.TheAfro-AsiaticFamily亚非语系（闪含语系）7.TheCaucasianFamily高加索语系8.TheDravidianFamily达罗毗荼语系9.Austro-AsiaticFamily南亚语系,Theoriginoflanguage,Bible-Genesis:

fromGod“TheTowerofBabel”Babeliscomposedoftwowords,baameaninggateandel,god.Hence,thegateofgod.ArelatedwordinHebrew,“balal”means“confusion”.-TheDivine-origintheory,Theinventiontheory,ImitativeCriesofnatureThegruntsofmenworkingtogether,TheEvolutionaryTheory,Definitionoflanguage,Itisdifficulttogiveasatisfactorydefinitionoflanguage:

Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.Languageisasetofrules.Languageispurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsystems.（Sapir1921）,Jacketal.（1985）inLongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguisticsdefinelanguageasthesystemofhumancommunicationbymeansofastructuredarrangementofsounds（ortheirwrittenrepresentation）toformlargerunits,e.g.morphemes,words,sentences.,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication（p.7）.,System:

elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules（p.7）.,Arbitrary:

thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor（p.7lastline）.Vocal:

becausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound（p.8,para.2）.Human:

languageishumanspecific,differentfromanimalscommunicationsystems,suchasbirdssongs,beedances,andsoon（p8,para.3）.,LanguageisSystematic,Eachhumanlanguageisorganizedintotwobasicsystems:

asystemofsoundsandasystemofmeanings.SoundMeaning,LanguageisSymbolic,Theconceptionofsignhasevolvedthroughalonghistoryofphilosophicaldiscussions,datingbacktotheMiddleAges.Therehasbeenadisciplinetostudytheworkingsofsigns.Saussurecalleditsemiology（符号学）andPeircetermeditsemiotics.,Arbitrariness,Wesaylanguageisasymbolicsysteminthesensethatthereisnoorlittleconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsandideasbysocialconvention.Forexample:

theChinese,JapaneseandFrenchsoundsthatrefertoflower.,Arbitrariness,Arbitrarinessdoesnotmeanthateverythingaboutlanguageisunpredictablebutthathumanlanguagesuseneutralsymbols.Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention（惯例）,andconventionsdifferradicallyacrosslanguages.TheconceptofarbitrarinessisfullyexplainedbySaussure,AccordingtoSaussure（1959:

66）,thelinguisticsignsunites,notathingandaname,butaconceptandasound-image（声音形象）.Thesound-imageisnotthematerialsoundbutthepsychologicalimprint（烙印）ofthesound,theimpressionitmakesonoursenses.Heregardsthelinguisticsignasatwo-sidedpsychologicalentitythatcanberepresentedbythefollowingdrawing:

Arbitrariness,Arbi