新GREArgument模板开头+正文+结尾整理.docx

新GREArgument模板开头+正文+结尾整理.docx

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新GREArgument模板开头+正文+结尾整理

开头部分

实验结论

Inthisargument,thearguerconcludesthat…doing…willleadto…Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthat…Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthat…

Theargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.

自己应该干吗根据观察和现象

自己改正根据因果

Inthisargument,thearguerrecommendsthat…shouldadvise…to…Tojustifythisclaim,thearguerprovidestheevidencethat…Thus…shouldfollowthestudy’srecommendationand…inorderto…

自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想

Theconclusioninthisargumentisthat…canexpectto…bydoing…Insupportofthisprediction,thearguerclaimsthat…Moreover,thearguerassumesthatthisattempthas…benefits:

1）to;2）to;3）to;Thisargumentisfraughtwithvague,oversimplified,andunwarrantedassumptions.

换一个供应商

Inthisargument,theargueradvocatesthat…should…Thisrecommendationisbasedontheobservationthat…Meanwhile,thearguerassumes…tobeabetterchoice…because…Thisargumentisproblematicfor…reasons.

自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况

Inthisanalysis,thearguerclaimsthat…should…Tosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguercitestheexampleof…where…Inaddition,thearguerassumesthat…Thisargumentisunconvincingforseveralcriticalflaws.

正文部分

Themajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…

Anotherflawthatweakensthisargumentisthat.…

Inaddition,thearguerignoresseveralfactorsthatmightunderminetheargument.

…thearguerfailstoconsiderseveralotherrelevantfactorsthatmightinfluence…

Forinstance…since…what’smore…etc.

样本的问题：

Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegenerationtheyareusedtosupport,sothathistoricalchangeswillnotinvalidatethegeneralization

调查survey的问题：

Thesampleofthesurveyconductedbythe…isvague.

Butwearetoldnothingaboutthewaythepollwasconductedandhowwellitrepresentedthepublicopinions..（民意测验）

Howmanypeopleparticipated?

Thesampleofthesurveyisnotrepresentative.

数据的问题：

（平均值）Thestudyrevealed,onaverage,onlyasmallstatisticalcorrelationbetween

（实验的数据不可靠）thedataoftheresearchisunconvincing（样本太小）

thesampleistoosmallto...（光数字没比例）

theratiooffourtosix

thereisonlyfiguresbutnoproportionofthesurvey还是ratio?

InsufficientSample

Ifthe[respondents]onlystandforatinyproportionofthewhole[group],weshouldnotbesosureabouttheconclusionthat[thewholegroup…]

Thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.

ItwasonlycarriedoutinSunCity,butthearguerappliesitsresulttoallthecompany’smarketswhiledoesn’tshowuswhetherSunCityisarepresentativemarketofthewholemarkets.

实验组的人：

性别，年龄，生理特征

副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏

错误的类比：

Buttheproblemisthatthetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustifytheanalogicaldeduction.

错误的比较：

Thecomparisoninthisargumentisincompleteandselective.Thearguerdiscoversthat…

However,thearguerfailstoprovideanyinformationregarding…respectively…

别的因素：

Furthermorethearguerignoresthepossibilitythat…may…Unlesstheargueralsotakesthisfactorintoconsideration,thecomparisonisunconvincing.

Itisverylikelythat…andhence…variessignificantly.

没有因果：

Confusingcausalrelationwithcorrelation

thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifthemaintenanceoftheairlinehasbeenimprovedasaresultofsendingitsmechanicstotheSeminar,whichis,ofcourse,anunwarrantedassumption,itdoesnotfollowthat就算怎样，也不怎样

Finally,thearguerhintsthat…buthefailstoanalyzethecauses.Isitbecause…orbecause…?

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其他：

Thefactthat…doesnotnecessarilyimplythat…

Firstofall,theargumentisbasedonahastygeneralization.Accordingtothecitedstudies…whichisunderstandable.

Itisverylikelythat…andhence…variessignificantly.

分析常用：

theactualamountoftimefordoing…respectively…

Thesurveyisbasedontwoisolatedexamples.Thearguershouldsurveymorehospitalsofbothtypes.

Howlargewasthesample

Howmanypeopleparticipated?

Whatextentdothisparticipatorsimprovetheir…speed?

ThearguerfailstoindicatetheattitudeoftheresidentstotheABC'sperformance.

循环假设

Thearguercommitsafallacyofbeggingthequestioninassumingthat…

结尾部分

Tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerningthepercentageoftheaffectedfamiliesandtheirgeographicaldistribution.

Insummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.

Inconclusion,thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetween…Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovideevidencethat…Tobetterevaluatetheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationabout…

Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptable,thearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat…istheonlyconditionthat…Additionally,thearguermustprovideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecausesofthe…

Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.

范文观摩

Argument37ThefollowingisamemorandumfromthedirectorofpersonneltothepresidentofGet-AwayAirlines.

"Sinceourmechanicsareresponsibleforinspectingandmaintainingouraircraft,Get-AwayAirlinesshouldpaytosendthemtotheQuality-CareSeminar,atwo-weekseminaronpropermaintenanceprocedures.Irecommendthisseminarbecauseitislikelytobeawiseinvestment,giventhattheautomobileracingindustryrecentlyreportedthattheperformanceofitsmaintenancecrewsimprovedmarkedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Thesemaintenancecrewsperformmanyofthesamefunctionsasdoourmechanics,includingrefuelingandrepairingengines.Themoneywespendonsendingourstafftotheseminarwillinevitablyleadtoimprovedmaintenanceandthustogreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofitsforourairline."

[建议，看别人好自己也要]

Inthisargument,thearguerconcludesthatsendingthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinestoatwo-weekQuality-CareSeminaronpropermaintenanceprocedureswillautomaticallyleadtoimprovedmaintenanceandtogreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofitsfortheairline.Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthattheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustryimprovedmarkedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthatsincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarbenefitsfromthetrainingprogram.Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.

First,theargumentIsbasedonafalseanalogy.Thearguersimplyassumesthatairplanemechanicsandautomobilemaintenancecrewsperformmanysimilarfunctions,buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethattheirfunctionsareindeedcomparable.Asweknow,thestructure,operationandfunctionofairplanesandthoseofautomobilesdifferconspicuously.Itistruethatboththeairplaneandtheautomobileneedrefuelingandenginemaintenance,butevenherethereexistfundamentaldifferences:

thestructureandthebuildingmaterialsofeachother'senginesaredifferent,soistheoiltheyuse.Therefore,eventhoughthetwo-weekQuality-CareSeminarprovedeffectiveinimprovingtheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustry,thereisnoguaranteethatitwillworkjustaswellforairplanemechanics.

Second,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifthemaintenanceoftheairlinehasbeenimprovedasaresultofsendingitsmechanicstotheSeminar,whichis,ofcourse,anunwarrantedassumption,itdoesnotfollowthattherewillbegreaterprofitsaswellasgreatercustomersatisfactionfortheairline.Asweknow,customersatisfactiondependsonseveralmajorfactorsotherthangoodmaintenanceoftheairplane.Forinstance,customersaregenerallyconcernedaboutthepunctuality,theon-boardservice,theticketprice,theluggagehandlingprocedureandeventhediscount,allofwhichareignoredbythearguer.Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerninghowtheairplanecanimproveitsprofits.UnlessGet-AwayAirlinescansignificantlyincreaseitscustomersorpassengersandatthesametimecutdownitscosts,bothofwhichareunknownfromthisargument,thereisnoguaranteethatitwill"inevitably"harvestgreaterprofits.Actually,thearguer'srecommendationofinvestinginthistrainingprogramastheonlywaytoincreasecustomersatisfactionandprofitswouldmostprobablyturnouttobeineffectiveandmisleading.

Inconclusion,thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweensendingGet-Away'smechanicstotheQuality-CareSeminarandimprovedmaintenance,greatercustomersatisfactionandgreaterprofitsfortheairline.Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatautomobilemaintenanceandairplanemaintenancearesimilarineveryaspect.Tobetterevaluatetheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationabouttherelationshipbetweenimprovedmaintenanceandgreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofits.

Argument47:

ThenationofClariacoversavastphysicalarea.Butdespitewidegeographicdifferences,manycitizensareexperiencingrisingcostsofelectricity.ArecentstudyofhouseholdelectriccostsinClariafoundthatfamilieswhocooledtheirhouseswithfansalonespentmoreonelectricitythandidfami