遗传学双语教学习题.docx

遗传学双语教学习题.docx

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遗传学双语教学习题

山东农业大学

遗传学双语教学章节习题

ProblemsandQuestions

Contents

Chapter1AnintroductiontoGenetics

Chapter2CytologyforGenetics——MitosisandMeiosis

Chapter3MolecularbasisforGenetics

Chapter4MendelianGenetics

Chapter5LinkageandSexlinkage

Chapter6ChromosomeMutations:

ChromosomalChanges,Monosomy,Trisomy,Polyploidy,StructuralChanges

Chapter7GeneticsinBacteriaandBacteriophages

Chapter8GeneexpressionandControl

Chapter9GeneEngineeringandGenomicsandProteomics

Chapter10GeneMutation

Chapter11ExtranuclearInheritanceandMaternalEffect

Chapter12GeneticsandDevelopment

Chapter13QuantitiesGenetics

Chapter14PopulationgeneticsandEvolution

Chapter1AnintroductiontoGenetics

1.Distinguishbetweenhaploidanddiploidinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowthetwodiffer.

2.Definetheterm"gene".Includeinyouranswerabriefdescriptionofthefunctionofagene.

3.Distinguishbetweentranscriptionandtranslationinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowthetwodiffer.

4.Whatisagameteandwhyisitconsideredimportantinthestudyofgenetics?

5.Whatisazygoteandwhyisitconsideredimportantinthestudyofgenetics?

6.Distinguishbetweengeneandgenomeinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowthetwodiffer.

7.Inmolecularterms,howwouldyoudefinemutation?

8.Howistheinformationthatspecifiestheaminoacidsequenceofaproteinpassedfromonegenerationtothenext?

9.Distinguishbetweengenotypeandphenotypeinamannerthatmakesitclearyouknowwhateachisandhowthetwodiffer.

10.Whatgeneticmechanismsmakeitpossibleforindividualswithdifferentgenotypestoexhibitthesamephenotype.

11.Whatisachromosomeandhowdoesitdifferfromagene?

12.Canagametebeheterozygous?

Explainthereasoningbehindyouranswer.

13.Atypicalorganismhasfarmoregenesthanchromosomes.Willallofthegenesexhibitindependentassortment?

Explainthereasoningbehindyouranswer.

Chapter2CellularbasisofGenetics

1.Distinguishbetweenmitosisandmeiosisinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowtheydiffer.

2.Comparethelengthofthemeioticprophaseinhumanmalesandfemales.Whichmorecloselyresemblesmitoticprophase.Howdobothdifferfrommitoticprophase?

（Seepage332ofthetextbookifyouhavedifficultywiththisquestion）.

3.Brieflysummarizethemajoreventsinahaploid-diploidlifecycle.Identifyaspecieswithapredominantlyhaploidlifecycleandaspecieswithapredominantlydiploidlifecycle.

4.Whatabbreviationsareusedtodesignatethefourpartsofthemitoticcellcycleandwhatdoeseachstandfor?

5.Distinguishbetweenkaryokinesisandcytokinesisinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowtheydiffer.

6.Nameandbrieflydescribethefourstagesthatmitosisiscommonlydividedinto.（Caution,thisisnotarepeatofquestion4）.

7.Describetwodistinctlydifferentprocessesthatoccurduringmeiosistobringaboutmixingofthetwoparentalgenotypesduringformationofgametes.Identifythestageofmeiosisatwhicheachoccursaspreciselyasyoucan,andbrieflydescribethemechanismsthatareinvolved.

8.Identifythefivestagesofmeioticprophaseandbrieflydescribeeach,includingimportantgeneticeventsthatareoccurringduringthatphase.

9.Whatroledoesmitosisplayinasexuallifecycle?

（Whydosexuallyreproducingorganismsneedmitosisatall?

）

10.Atwhatstageofmeiosisdoescrossingover（geneticrecombination）occur?

（seepage331oftextbookifyouareuncertain）.

11.Whatarechiasmataandwhatistheirgeneticsignificance?

12.Atwhatstageofmeiosisisindependentassortmentofunlinkedgenesachieved?

Whatisthemechanismthatisinvolved?

13.Atwhatstageduringmeiosisdothecentromeresoftheindividualsisterchromatidsseparate?

14.Atwhatstageofmeiosisisthechromosomenumberreducedtohaploid（bivalentswithsisterchromatidsstillpairedcountassinglechromosomes）.

15.AtwhatstageofmeiosisistheDNAcontentpergametereducedtohaploid?

16.Intermsofgeneticuniformityoftheultimateproductsofeachprocess,howdomitosisandmeiosisdiffer?

17.Whatisalampbrushchromosomeandunderwhatcircumstancesisitobserved?

18Brieflydefineeachofthefolowingandexplainitsgeneticsignificanceoritssignificancetothestudyofgenetics.

a.Homologouschromosomes.

b.Tetrad.

c.Synaptonemalcomplex

d.Biparentalinheritance.

e.Gametophyte.

19.Whataretheconsequencesofnondisjunctionduringoneortheotherofthemeioticdivisions?

20.Ahumanfemalehas23pairsofchromosomes.Assumingthatthemembersofeachpairdifferfromeachother,howmanydifferentdifferentgametesdoesshehavethepotentialabilitytogenerate,basedonindependentassortmentalone?

21.Meiosisinafemalegeneratesoneovumand3polarbodies,whereasinamalemeiosisgenerates4spermatozoa.Doesthisresultinfourtimesasmuchgeneticdiversityinmalegametesasinfemalegametes?

Explainthereasoningbehindyouranswer.

22.Thepartofthemitoticcellcyclethatwasoriginallyviewedsimplyas"interphase"isnowviewedquitedifferently.

a.Howwasinterphasedefinedandwhatcriteriawereusedtodefineit?

b.Identifythethreepartsthatinterphaseisnowdividedintoandexplaintheoriginalsignificanceofeachofthethreeparts.

c.Howhasmodernresearchchangedourviewofthefirstandthirdsegmentsof"interphase"?

23.Meiosisgeneratesgeneticdiversity,whereasmitosismaintainsgeneticconstancy.Explainhowthisisadvantageoustotheorganism.

24.Thereisevidencethattranscriptioncontinuesinoogenesis,evenaftermeioticprophasehasbegun.

a.Whatistheevidencefortranscriptionduringmeioticprophase?

b.Speculateonwhatbiologicalpurposesuchtranscriptionserves.

Chapter2CellularbasisofGenetics（MolecularbasisforGenetics）

1.Brieflysummarizetheflowofinformationfromagenetoafinalgeneproduct,includingtheformthattheinformationtakesateachstepalongthewayandthenamesofthemajorprocessesthatareinvolvedinachievingtheflowofinformation.

2.Distinguishbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowtheydiffer.

3.SummarizetwodifferentlinesofevidencethathavedemonstratedthatDNAistheprimarycarrierofgeneticinformation.

4.IdentifythefournitrogenousbasesthatareusedforthecodingofgeneticinformationinDNA.HowaretheyrelatedtothebasesusedforcodinggeneticinformaitoninRNA?

5.WhatarethechemicaldifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA?

Youshouldbetoidentifytwothatarealwaystrueandathirdthatisusuallytrue.

6.Whatisaphosphodiesterlinkandhowdoesitgivepolaritytonucleicacids?

7.IdentifythebasepairsinDNA.Whichpairsaremorestableandwhy?

8.Whatismeantbytheterm"antiparallel"asitappliestodoublehelicalDNA?

9.Distinguishbetweensenseandantisensestrandsinamannerthatmakesitclearyouknowwhateachisandhowtheydiffer.

10.WhatfactorsdeterminehowrapidlyDNArenaturesafterbeingdenatured?

11.Distinguishbetweentranscriptionandtranslationinamannerthatmakesitclearthatyouknowwhateachisandhowtheydiffer.

12.Explainhowelectrophoresiscanbeusedtoseparatenucleicacidmoleculesbysize.Whatroledoesthegelplayintheprocess?

13.ThenucleotidesequenceofthesensestrandofadoublehelicalDNAmoleculeisATGCGTAACTAACCG.

a.Whatnucleotideisatthe5'-end?

b.Whatnucleotideisatthe3'-end?

c.Howwouldyoudistinguishthe5'-endfromthe3'-endifthebaseswerethesameatbothends?

d.Whatisthenucleotidesequenceofthecomplementarystrand?

（Youalwaysstartatthe5'-endwhendescribinganucleotidesequence）.

e.WhatwillbethenucleotidesequenceofthemRNAthatistranscribedfromthisDNA?

14.Riboseanddeoxyriboseareboth5-carbonsugars.

a.Whatisthedifferencebetweenriboseanddeoxyribose?

b.Whatisattachedtocarbon#1ofthesesugarswhentheyareinnucleicacids?

c.Whatisattachedtocarbon#3ofthesesugarswhentheyareinnucleicacids?

d.Whatisattachedtocarbon#5ofthesesugarswhentheyareinnucleicacids?

e.RibothymidineisanunusualnucleosidethatcanberecoveredfromcertaintypesoftransferRNA（transferRNAscontainavarietyofmodifiedbases）.Whatisunusualaboutfindingribothymidineinanucleicacid?

15.ThegenomeofE.coliisaclosedcircleofdoublehelicalDNAthatcontains4,639,221basepairs（basedonsequenceanalysis-seepage208ofthetextbook）.BasedonyourknowledgeoftheDNAdoublehelix,answerthefollowing.

a.WhatisthethicknessononebasepairindoublehelicalDNA?

b.HowmanycompleteturnsofthedoublehelixarecontainedintheE.coligenome?

c.Whatisthecircumferenceofthecirculargenomewhenitislaidoutasaperfectcircle?

d.Whatisthediameterofthegenomewhenitislaidoutasaperfectcircle.

e.AnE.colicellisrelativelyshortcylinderonlyabout2micrometersindiameter.HowcanthatmuchDNAfitintoit.（Hint,lookatfigures7.6and7.7）.

16.Whatdoeseachofthefollowingabbreviationsstandfor?

a.ATP

b.dGTP

c.UMP

d.RNA

e.cAMP

f.mRNA

g.TDP

17.ExplaintheimportanceoftheflatplanarstructureofDNAbasepairstothedoublehelicalstructureofDNA?

18.ExplainwhyACandGTbasepairsdonotnormallyform.（YouwillhavetogotoExample2.3onpage31ofthetextbooktoanswerthisone--Iexpectyoutoreadthet